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What is growth hormone deficiency in children?

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is when the pituitary gland doesn't make enough growth hormone. GH is needed to stimulate growth of bone and other tissues. This condition can occur at any age. GH deficiency does not affect a child's intelligence.

GH deficiency can be caused by damage to the pituitary gland or another gland called the hypothalamus. The injury can occur before birth (congenital), or during or after birth (acquired).

The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain. Its the master endocrine gland in the body.The pituitary gland normally releases several different hormones. These hormones control growth, metabolism, blood pressure, and other body processes.

In rare cases, GH deficiency can be part of a genetic syndrome. In many cases, the cause of GH deficiency is not known (idiopathic).

A child is more at risk for GH deficiency if they have any of these:

Some children with the problem have none of the risk factors.

The main sign of GH deficiency is slower height growth than expected each year. This means a yearly growth in height of less than about 2.2 inches (5.5 cm) between ages 2 and 4, less than about 2 inches (5 cm) between ages 4 and 6, and a yearly growth of less than 1.6 inches (4 cm) for boys and less than 1.8 inches (4.5 cm) for girls. A child with GH deficiency may also have:

A younger-looking face

A chubby body build

Impaired hair growth

Delayed puberty

It's important to note that GH deficiency does not affect the child's intelligence.

The symptoms of GHdeficiency can be like other health conditions. Make sure yourchild sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

To diagnose GH deficiency, your childshealthcare providerneeds to check for other conditions, such as:

Normal variations of growth, such as familial short stature

Other disorders, such as thyroid hormone deficiency or kidney disease

Genetic conditions

The healthcare provider will ask about your childs symptoms and health history and about your familys health history. They will also give your child a physical exam. Yourchild's health and growth may be checked over several months.

Your child may also have tests, such as:

Blood tests. These are done to check growth hormone and other related hormone levels. Sometimes the blood tests are done 2 to 3 hours after your child is given a medicine that would normally raise growth hormone levels.

X-ray.This test uses a small amount of radiation to make images of tissues inside the body. An X-ray may be done of the left hand and wrist. This can estimate your child's bone age. With delayed puberty or hormone problems, bone age is often less than calendar age.

CT scan. This test uses a series of X-rays and a computer to make detailed imagesof the body. A CT scan can show bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than regular X-rays.

MRI.This test uses large magnets and a computer to make detailed images of tissues in the body without using X-rays.

Your child'shealthcare providerwill consider your child's age, overall health, and other factors when advising treatment. Your child may need to see a pediatric endocrinologist. This is a doctor with extra training in treating children with hormone problems. This specialist will also have the best equipment to accurately measure your child's growth from month to month.

Treatment may involve daily injections of synthetic growth hormone. Results are often seen as soon as 3to4 months after treatment starts. The treatment lasts several years, usually until late puberty when growing is finished. The earlier the treatment is started, the better the chances that a child will have a normal or near-normal adult height that matches their family pattern.

Not all children respond well to growth hormone treatment. GH therapy does not make a person taller than their parents. Your child may have other treatments depending on what causes the deficiency.

If untreated, GH deficiency can cause a child to not reach their normal adult height.

Children who are shorter than their peers may have poor self-esteem or depression. Its important to talk about these problems with your child and your child's healthcare provider. The provider can recommend counseling or support groups for you and your child.

Talk with your child's healthcare provider about your child's potential adult height. Work with your child's healthcare providers to create an ongoing plan to manage your childs condition.

Talk with your childs healthcare provider if you are concerned about your child's growth.

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is when the pituitary gland doesn't make enough growth hormone. GH is needed to stimulate growth of bone and other tissues.

GH deficiency does not affect a child's intelligence.

The main sign of GH deficiency is slowed height growth each year than expected. A child with GH deficiency may also have a younger-looking face and a chubby body build.

Treatment may include daily injections of synthetic growth hormone. Results are often seen as soon as 3to4 months after treatment starts. The treatment lasts several years, usually until late puberty when growing is finished.

The earlier the treatment is started, the better the chances that a child will have a normal or near-normal adult height that matches their family pattern.

If untreated, GH deficiency can cause a child to not reach their normal adult height.

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your childs healthcare provider:

Know the reason for the visit and what you want to happen.

Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.

At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you for your child.

Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help your child. Also know what the side effects are.

Ask if your childs condition can be treated in other ways.

Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.

Know what to expect if your child does not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.

If your child has a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.

Know how you can contact your childs provider after office hours. This is important if your child becomes ill and you have questions or need advice.

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Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children

Drug Class: Growth Hormone/IGF-1 PrecursorActive Life: Varies by injection method

Human Growth Hormone is a proteinaceous hormone made up of a chain of 191 amino acids and is produced by the pituitary gland. It is responsible for the protein deposition, growth of tissues, and the breakdown of subcutaneous fat stores. Human growth hormone is produced in its highest levels during adolescence, as should be no surprise since this is when the majority of a person's body growth occurs. In adulthood, growth hormone still circulates in the body but at much lower levels. The primary medical purpose for administration of human growth hormone is for those that suffer from a deficiency of the hormone during their adolescence so that normal growth can occur. However in recent years the popularity of human growth hormone has surged as a means to treat age-related degenerative conditions, as well as other so-called "anti-aging" therapies.

Human growth hormone first became available in the 1980's. At first it was extracted from the pituitary glands of cadavers. This practice was discontinued however when it was determined that administration of the hormone that was collected this way was linked to the spread of a fatal brain disease. All of the human growth hormone that is now produced is synthetic.

In terms of the use of human growth hormone for strength athletes and bodybuilders, the effects are two fold. First, it has been demonstrated that consistent administration of human growth hormone can help to promote loss of body fat. In part this is due to the ability of the compound to cause cells in the body to increase the rate with which they utilize fats while also decreasing the rate that carbohydrates are used. This fat loss is achieved because of the ability of growth hormone to stimulate triglyceride hydrolysis in adipose tissue as well2 .

In conjunction with this, human growth hormone helps to promote the movement of amino acids through cell membranes. This, along with the fact that growth hormone promotes the growth of the cells in the body and increases the rate at which these cells divide and multiple, obviously indicates that it is also capable of enhancing anabolism if used at appropriate doses.

Many users also have an interest in using human growth hormone for the ability of the compound to help heal existing injuries and prevent new ones from occurring. There is some evidence that growth hormone can help to promote the production of new and regeneration of damaged cartilage when used in conjunction with insulin-like growth factor. It is actually the insulin-like growth factor that stimulates the production of cartilage. Insulin-like growth factor is released from the liver in response to circulating growth hormone3 .

It has also been demonstrated that human growth hormone has positive effects on erythropoeisis, i.e. the manufacture of red blood cells4 . This effect should help to improve the endurance of an athlete and may also help to promote anabolism. To the degree with which this effect will occur in users varies quite widely, but all users should show some improvement.

Human growth hormone is primarily secreted in rhythmic pulses during sleep. This occurs by the mechanism of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone and Somatostatin being released in an alternating fashion. For the most part users will want to mimic the natural release of growth hormone, while also not disrupting the body's natural production of the hormone. This is often a delicate balance.

In terms of a dosing schedule for the compound, there is some controversy as to the best method for fat loss/anabolism. It is thought by many that daily dosing is of primary importance when using human growth hormone due to the extremely short active life of the drug. Blood concentrations of the hormone reach their peak within two to six hours of the injection, with the half life being only twenty to thirty minutes3 . This of course makes it impossible to maintain stable blood levels of the compound.

However a stable level of the hormone is seemingly unnecessary as this does not occur naturally when the body produces the hormone. In fact there is some research that indicates that administration of the hormone every other day, instead of injections every day, may result in a more efficient use of the hormone. In a study using children ranging in ages of two to four, it was demonstrated that administration of the compound every other day, as opposed to every day, resulted in more growth in the children giving this dosing schedule5 . One theory as to why this may occur is that injections every other day may simulate the natural pulsile frequency of growth hormone secretion. This would also allow the growth hormone receptors in the body recover from the surge of growth hormone that would be circulating and then be better able to make use of the next dose that is administered the next day.

The only problem with the above theory is that it has never been tested in terms of its effect on muscle growth and/or fat loss, only in the height growth in extremely young children. For the most part strength athletes and bodybuilders have administered growth hormone every day and have achieved good results. This method would seemingly provide a user with a consistent wave of growth hormone throughout their cycle and allow the body to utilize it rather efficiently.

Another common practice among users is to run growth hormone for five days and then take one or two days off, or some other similar schedule. This would seemingly be "splitting the difference" between the two dosing schedules outlined above (as well as save money), but there is no research to indicate that it is of any significant benefit either way.

As for the time of day a user should inject human growth hormone, it would be least disruptive to the natural release of the hormone to administer it sometime early in the day. If a user were to inject it close to when they were going to sleep, this would surely negate any natural release of growth hormone, something that a user would obviously want to avoid. There is no standard to which most adhere to when deciding how close to going to sleep that they will administer growth hormone, however mid-afternoon should be early enough that it does not interfere with the natural release of the hormone during sleep.

In terms of dosages needed to see specific results, there is primarily only anecdotal evidence to be relied upon when it comes to fat loss and an anabolic response. The relevant research does not discuss these effects in any great scope. However, most users have indicated that doses of approximately two to four international units (2-4 iu) per day in men will usually produce a noticeable loss of body fat in most users. In terms of getting an anabolic response, the experience of users vary considerably. For the most part it can be concluded that most users will need to administer larger doses than needed to experience fat loss if they wish to see a noticeable anabolic response from human growth hormone. How much more varies from individual to individual. There are some users who have indicated that using extremely large doses of the hormone has resulted in dramatic gains in muscle mass, but often these doses are cost prohibitive for most. Individuals will likely have to experiment themselves to find a level that they are comfortable with, as well as what they can afford.

As a general rule the best way to start an HGH program is to start with a low dose and ease the administration into the higher doses. This will avoid, or at least minimize, many of the common side effects of HGH such as bloating, joint pain and swelling. Most people can tolerate approximately 2 i.u.'s with few side effects, so that would be the recommended starting dose. A scheduled program would look like this:

Week 1-4: HGH 2i.u.'s one injection

Week 5: HGH 2.5 i.u.'s one injection

Week 6: HGH 3 i.u.'s split into two injections of 1.5 i.u.'s each

Week 7: HGH 3.5 i.u.'s split into two injections of 1.75 i.u's each

And so forth until you reach your desired dose.

If at any point in this progression unbearable bloating or joint pain becomes an issue, the dose must be reduced by 25% and held at a lower dosage for a couple of weeks. If the side effects subside, progression may resume back up towards desired level. If the side effects remain, the dose must be reduced again and held at a lower level for two weeks before beginning upward progression. This method will keep the HGH experience a good one with minimal side effects.

As for the duration of a cycle of growth hormone, it is believed by many that the compound must be administered for a minimum of 20 to 30 weeks to see results. The action of the compound is slow acting and therefore lengthy cycles are needed. However due to its relative safety it can be run for several months, and even years, with little to no negative results. Of course this is dependent on the user and his or her individual reaction to the compound, along with the doses that they are using.

Human growth hormone can be administered using either intra-muscular or subcutaneous injections. There is no difference in the absorption of the compound.

No type of post-cycle therapy is necessary when discontinuing growth hormone as it should continue to be produced naturally by the body of the user. The negative feedback loop that indicates to the body that there is enough of the hormone circulating is related to insulin-like growth factor. Specifically, when insulin-like growth factor is secreted by the liver a signal is sent to the pituitary gland and hypothalamus to cease the production of growth hormone6 .

Although not necessary, some opt to use growth hormone peptides to help promote their release of natural growth hormone.

For the most part, human growth hormone is a relatively mild compound with little in the way of side effects when compared to anabolic steroids. However there are some that can occur. The most common side effects experienced by users are bloating and/or joint pain. The majority of users anecdotally report that any joint pain they experience most often ceases after a few weeks of administration of the drug2 .

In addition, it is possible to experience such things are enlarged organs, carpal tunnel syndrome and acromegaly, which is a thickening of or abnormal growth of the bones7 . For this reason it would be advisable for users that are in their mid to late 20s or younger to consult with a doctor if they are administering growth hormone. This is due to the fact that if the growth plates of a user are not yet fused, there is a potential for disproportionate bone growth. As well if there is a chance that a user has cancer or other tumours it is imperative that they ensure that they do not begin administering human growth hormone prior to getting medically cleared. This is due to the fact that growth hormone can help to accelerate the rate at which tumours will grow.

Some users may also experience some other conditions related to use of growth hormone. Thyroid suppression, insulin resistance, and prostate growth are all possible side effects that could be experienced. There are various methods to help deal with these occurrences, ranging from the mild to the very aggressive. This profile will not go into great detail about these therapies, however it should be noted that most users are unlikely to have major difficulties with these side effects if their doses remain relatively moderate.

Human growth hormone has also been shown to cause gynocomastia in some users. The exact mechanism that this occurs is not know, however it is believed to be related to either the a rise in prolactin levels or else the growth hormone causes breast tissue growth when coupled with a high level of estrogen in the body. To combat this, the usual protocol can be used, i.e. use of aromatase inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor modulator and/or compounds that help to reduce prolactin levels.

Answer:

The mechanism by which chronic exposure to hGH leads to tolerance, dependence, and a withdrawal syndrome is unclear and does not involve the suppression of hormone secretion. During the nadir of growth velocity, which follows the withdrawal of prolonged drug therapy, serum GH levels remain normal, as do serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3 levels (4). Moreover, endogenous pulsatile secretion of GH resumes within days even after long-term hGH therapy (7).

http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jcem.87.8.8721

Only brands listed here are the only HGH brands that are the exception to our "No Source Talk" rule. If your brand isn't listed there just refer to it as "generic HGH."

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growth_hormone - steroids - reddit

Sleep is important for plenty of reasons. What you might not have known is that sleep impacts your hormones, and hormone levels impact your sleep.

Sleep affects many hormones in the body, including those related to stress or hunger.

Too much and not enough time under the covers can influence hormones. Thats why a good nights sleep is essential to keeping your hormones balanced.

Read on to learn the ins and outs of the relationship between hormones and your sleep.

Hormones are chemical messengers that play a vital role in regulating the bodys many processes, systems, and functions.

The body needs a range of different hormones to function properly. Theyre released through the endocrine system, a network of organs and glands located throughout the body.

Hormones are responsible for many bodily functions, including:

The production and function of many hormones in the body are influenced by other body functions, like sleep.

Various hormone functions and their release are impacted by sleep or circadian rhythm and vice versa.

Getting adequate sleep is important for regulating a number of hormones, including:

For example, melatonin controls sleep patterns and tells your body when to get to sleep. Human growth hormone is released during deep sleep hours, which is vital to cell growth and repair.

Other hormones, like cortisol, depend on sleep timing, duration, and quality for their release.

Good sleep is crucial to health, according to Sara Gottfried, MD, a clinical assistant professor in the department of integrative medicine and nutritional sciences at Thomas Jefferson University.

Nearly every hormone in the body is released in response to your circadian rhythm, also known as the sleep-wake cycle.

When ignored, poor sleep will make you fall down a hormonal flight of stairs, Gottfried says. Thats true, whether youre 30, 50, or 70.

Sleep is important for hormones to function effectively, as many are dependent on the sleep-wake cycle.

Getting regular sleep can help with hormone regulation, says Abhinav Singh, MD, the medical director of Indiana Sleep Center. Whenever we chronically disrupt sleep in quantity and quality, we disturb this balance and leave the door open to medical problems.

Sleep regulates the level of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Its also known as the stress hormone. Cortisol helps regulate other hormones in the body.

When you relax and sleep well and wake up feeling restored, your cortisol reaches a peak within 30 minutes of waking up, Gottfried says. That peak sets off all your other hormones, including your thyroid and estrogen.

Poor sleep can have a number of negative effects on cortisol release. Gottfried recommends sleeping 7 to 9 hours every night to keep your cortisol levels in check.

Estrogen and progesterone play a part in maintaining the health of the reproductive system.

When you dont sleep well, cortisol is high when you wake up in the morning. That can disrupt the tango between estrogen and progesterone, Gottfried adds. It can cause your thyroid to slow down, which can affect your metabolism by slowing it down.

Sleep is an important regulator of metabolism, the process of chemical reactions in the body that converts food to energy.

Sleep disruption or poor sleep can directly affect the production and levels of hunger hormones in the body. This can disturb hunger, appetite, and food intake, potentially leading to weight gain.

Poor quality sleep disrupts:

These hormones are responsible for:

These hormones are responsible for how the food you eat gets used for energy and storage in your body, Gottfried explains. Poor sleep messes with this delicate interaction and can lead to insulin resistance and weight gain, in particular around your middle.

According to Gottfried, even one night of bad sleep can disrupt your insulin levels. She advises compensating the next day by watching your sugar intake.

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland thats associated with the bodys sleep-wake cycle.

It helps regulate the bodys circadian rhythm, so you can fall and stay asleep.

Disrupted or poor sleep can have impacts on melatonin and its role in promoting sleep in the brain.

Melatonin controls more than 500 genes in the body, including the genes involved in the immune system, so managing your melatonin with good sleep is key, Gottfried says.

Human growth hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin or growth hormone, plays a vital role in:

Sleep impacts the amount and production of growth hormone in the body.

When you cut sleep, you reduce your levels of growth hormone, and you may be less able to repair injuries and more likely to accumulate belly fat, Gottfried says.

According to a 2016 study, growth hormones affect the regulation and metabolism of glucose, lipids, and proteins in the body.

Furthermore, HGH deficiency has been shown to be associated with alterations in growth, body composition, and metabolism.

The ideal amount of sleep required for most adults is around 7 to 9 hours, according to Gottfried.

If youre accumulating sleep debt during the week, you cant catch up sufficiently on the weekends.

Missing sleep can lead to:

If you sleep 4 hours per night for 5 days, you have around a 24-hour sleep debt [at the end of the week], Gottfried notes. You cant make that up in a weekend.

Its important to get a good nights sleep on a regular basis for optimum hormone regulation. This includes sleeping long enough and deeply enough to enter rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Light sleep or sleep thats frequently interrupted wont do the job.

Sleep debt is an epidemic that so many people simply take for granted as part of a busy lifestyle, Gottfried says. Sleep cleans out the toxins in your brain. Its like a power cleanse. Poor sleep wreaks havoc on your internal biochemistry.

Lower quality of sleep or not enough sleep can upset the hormone balance in the body.

Disruption of hormone balance occurs if you dont get enough sleep, Singh says. If your body produces cortisol for longer, this means you are producing more energy than is needed.

This leads to less leptin and more ghrelin.

You may also be skipping the healing and repairing time that comes from growth hormone levels during sleep, Singh adds.

More sleep isnt always better, Gottfried says. One study showed that women fare best on cognitive tests at 7 hours of sleep, but increasing sleep beyond 9 hours is associated with lower cognitive scores.

Too much sleep can lead to:

As good quality sleep is imperative for health and hormone regulation, excessive sleep similar to restricted sleep can have some negative effects on the body, including on metabolism.

Hormone regulation is essential for just about every bodily process. There are several things you can do to make sure youre getting the most of your Zzzs.

If youre regularly getting less-than-stellar sleep, waking groggy, or feeling fatigued throughout the day, you may want to speak with a sleep expert.

They can help you develop skills to get a good nights rest, as well as determine whether you may have a sleep disorder.

If thats the case, there are a lot of options, including:

A good nights sleep is necessary for hormone balance in the body, which is important for bodily functions and processes.

Poor sleep or not enough sleep can lead to a hormone imbalance, which can have negative effects.

Stick to a sleep routine, aim for 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night, and limit sugar intake the day after your sleep is disrupted.

This can help you regulate your hormones and reap the health benefits that go with it.

Marnie Vinall is a freelance writer living in Melbourne, Australia. Shes written extensively for a range of publications, covering everything from politics and mental health to nostalgic sandwiches and the state of her own vagina. You can reach Marnie via Twitter, Instagram, or her website.

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Missing Sleep? Why Your Hormones May Be Responsible - Healthline

Advanced breast cancer is cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. If youve been diagnosed with advanced breast cancer, its important to know what to expect. Fortunately, with new and developing treatments, living with advanced cancer is no longer uncommon.

People are living full and active lives while also managing advanced cancer, including advanced breast cancer. Learn more about the symptoms, treatments, and current outlook of advanced breast cancer.

Advanced breast cancer includes stage 3 and stage 4 breast cancer.

Metastatic or stage 4 breast cancer is cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. Its still considered breast cancer. Even if the cancer cells are in your bones or lungs, theyre still breast cancer cells.

Locally advanced or stage 3 breast cancer has all the characteristics of advanced breast cancer. But locally advanced breast cancer doesnt affect far-away organs like your bones or lungs. Instead, it may affect nearby lymph nodes and surrounding tissue or skin.

Not everyone with advanced breast cancer will have the same symptoms, but some symptoms are more common.

Symptoms of advanced breast cancer can include:

Other symptoms may depend on where the cancer has spread:

Once you receive a breast cancer diagnosis, youll also get your cancers staging. Staging is important because it helps determine your treatment options and prognosis. Tests for staging include:

Other tests may include:

If your doctor recommends surgery in your treatment plan, they may also order a sentinel lymph node biopsy, which is done during surgery. This test can tell the doctor where your cancer is likely to spread.

Metastatic breast cancer cannot be completely cured, but it can be treated. Systemic drug therapies are the main form of treatment for this form of breast cancer. This is because these medications can go through the bloodstream to cancer in other parts of your body outside the breast.

Treatments can include:

Surgery or radiation may also be used in some situations.

In about two-thirds of breast cancer cases, the cancer is hormone receptor-positive. This means the hormones estrogen and progesterone are stimulating cancer cell growth. Hormone therapy works in these cases by blocking or lowering estrogen production.

These drugs can include:

Chemotherapy travels through the bloodstream to reach cancer throughout the body. Its often used for advanced breast cancer, particularly when cancer is hormone receptor-negative. Common chemotherapy drugs for advanced breast cancer include:

Targeted therapy drugs are like chemotherapy drugs because they also travel through the bloodstream. But these medications target and block the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with specific genes, proteins, or blood vessels. Targeted therapy can be used to treat:

In human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, the cancer cells have too much of a growth protein called HER2. About 1 in 5 women with breast cancer have HER2-positive breast cancer. Targeted therapies focus on controlling the HER2 protein. Drugs like trastuzumab (Herceptin) help treat HER2-positive breast cancer.

These drugs target certain proteins in the cells that help stop the cells from dividing. They can also be used with traditional hormone therapy for breast cancer. An example is palbociclib (Ibrance), which is used to treat advanced, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. You might get palbociclib in combination with a hormone therapy like an aromatase inhibitor or fulvestrant.

Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are used to treat breast cancer in those who have BRCA mutations. PARP proteins usually help to repair damaged DNA in cells, but mutations can stop this from happening. PARP inhibitors block the PARP proteins. Drugs include olaparib (Lynparza) and talazoparib (Talzenna).

In triple-negative breast cancer, the cancer cells dont have estrogen or progesterone receptors and are not HER2-positive. Targeted therapies are often antibody-drug conjugates, which are created by joining an antibody with a chemotherapy drug. Sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy) is in this category.

Immunotherapy drugs help to stimulate your own immune system to better recognize and kill cancer cells. They can be effective for some types of advanced breast cancer. Todays immunotherapy drugs are called immune checkpoint inhibitors.

To keep your immune system from attacking your own body, your body has proteins that act as checkpoints on immune cells. These checkpoint proteins need to be turned on or off to start an immune response. Breast cancer cells can use these proteins to keep from being attacked.

The immunotherapy drugs target the checkpoints to restore the immune response to cancer cells. Drugs can include pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and atezolizumab (Tecentriq).

Treatment for advanced breast cancer will generally continue for the rest of your life. This will keep the cancer under as much control as possible to relieve symptoms and can improve the quality and length of your life.

Its important to find the treatments that work best for you to get relief from your symptoms with minimal side effects. Talk with your oncologist about your expectations for treatment and any future treatments that might become available.

More here:

Advanced Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment - Healthline

By Max Mathews on Mailonline

Release: 12:34 EDT, September 4, 2021 | Has been updated: 13:25 EDT, September 4, 2021

The second tallest man in the world, Mortezamezard, brought a gold medal to Irans sitting volleyball team at the Tokyo Paralympics.

In a gold medal match in the Japanese capital on Saturday, all 8-foot-1 Melzads helped the Iranians defeat the Russian Paralympic Committee 3-1.

The tallest Paralympian in history has helped keep the distance and lead to 25-21, 25-14, 19-25, 25-17 victories and continue to dominate the sport these days.

Morteza Mehrzad (center) helped stimulate Iran to gold in sitting volleyball on Saturday

The 8ft1 star (above) is the second tallest in the world and the tallest Paralympian ever.

Iran has won six of the last eight gold medals in mens competitions, and with the addition of the phenomenon of 2.46 meters at the age of 33, the net has gained a special weapon in sports 1.15 meters off the ground.

After seeing off Bosnia and Herzegovina powerhouses in the semi-finals, Melzad scored 28 points of omnipotence in the final, helping to secure the 11th gold of the game despite losing the first set in five games. rice field.

Irans director Hadi Rezaeigarkani contacted him when he saw him on a television show about disability and he started playing. He started playing sports nine years ago, made his international debut five years ago and never looked back.

Iran has won six of the last eight gold medals at the Mens Paralympics and defeated the Russian Paralympic Committee 25-21, 25-14, 19-25, 25-17 before another Paralympic title. Won.

Mehrzad has already helped Iran win a gold medal in Rio and compete in the 2018 World Championships.

Mehrzad is acromegaly, a condition in which the body overproduces growth hormone and is often in a crutch or wheelchair after a cycling accident that damages the pelvis. That is, the right foot is 6 inches shorter than the left foot.

According to the telegram, he was hiding in his hometown of Chalus in northern Iran because of embarrassment. Therefore, the Paralympics have provided him with a powerful opportunity.

He said:Because of my disability, I was very depressed. I felt like I was in jail I was afraid to go out because of my appearance. I couldnt imagine my future. But sitting volleyball has had an immeasurable impact on my life.

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Morte Zamayad, the second tallest man in the world, helps Iran win the Paralympic sitting volleyball gold medal

Source link Morte Zamayad, the second tallest man in the world, helps Iran win the Paralympic sitting volleyball gold medal

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Morte Zamayad, the second tallest man in the world, helps Iran win the Paralympic sitting volleyball gold medal - Texasnewstoday.com

Amazing detail that you will love. Humanity has always been fascinated with extremes. In the book of Guinness Records we can find from the most surreal landmarks to others somewhat absurd. One of the people featured in the book since its launch in 1955 is Robert Wadlow. its record: be the tallest man in the history. The last time it was measured on June 27, 1940, the American measured 2.72 meters. Unfortunately, very few know his sad story.

It all begins on February 22, 1918, when Addie Wadlow gave birth to a healthy 3-pound, 175-gram baby named Robert Pershing Wadlow in Alton, Illinois. Like the vast majority of babies, Wadlow began to grow throughout his first year of life. But unlike the common denominator, this began to grow exponentially. By the time he was 6 months old, he weighed 13.5 kilos. On his first birthday, he weighed 20.4 kilos and was 1 meter 2 centimeters tall.

When he was 5 years old, he was 1 meter 10 cm tall. tall and was already forced to wear teenage clothes. And by the time he was eight, he was taller than his dad. With a height of 1 meter 82 cm. when i was just a kid, Wadlow soon began to outperform the adults. At the elementary school he attended, they had to make a special folder for him according to his conditions.

At 13 years old, became the tallest Boy Scout in the world with 2 meters and 23 centimeters. And when he finished high school, he was 2 meters and 54 cm tall. But, to the surprise of many, it had not yet finished growing, and would eventually reach 2 meters and 72 centimeters in height. Even at the time of his death, his body was still growing and showing no signs of slowing down.

Doctors examined Wadlow several times and found that his growth was due to a pituitary gland hyperplasia. This unique diagnosis causes that there is an abnormally high level of growth hormone and in the case of the American he was never given any medical treatment to stop or keep this disorder under control.

If Wadlow had been born today, he probably would not have reached the height of more than two meters, since now modern medicine has developed surgeries and a series of medicines that can help stop this uncontrolled growth. But in those years, doctors did not even want to operate on Wadlow, since the treatments for such a diagnosis had not yet been developed.

Despite his height, his family helped him lead a fairly normal life. Wadlow was the oldest of five siblings, all of average height and weight. He graduated from Alton High School in 1936 and enrolled at Shutleff College with the intention of studying law, although he did not do well in law school. Eventually, he joined the Order of DeMolay and became a Freemason.

Although it was in good shape, it soon began to suffer from some problems. Due to his height, he suffered from lack of sensation in his legs and feet. This made him not notice when blisters or wounds appeared that became infected. Too needed braces for the legs and a cane to get around. Still, he preferred to walk alone and refused to use a wheelchair.

Due to the lack of sensation, Wadlow did not notice that one of his braces was rubbing his ankle. In 1940, Wadlow did not realize that a blister had formed on his leg. The wound progressed and soon became infected and Wadlow developed a high fever. When doctors came to his aid they resorted to a blood transfusion and emergency surgery.

Unfortunately, they were unable to save his life. His staggering height had left him with a weakened immune system, and he eventually succumbed to the infection. His last words were: The doctor says I wont be coming home for the celebration, referring to the golden wedding feast that is taking place for his grandparents. On July 15, 1940, Robert Wadlow died at 22 years old.

Only a couple of weeks before his departure, he had been measured for the last time, marking 2 meters and 72 cm. His body was buried in Alton, Illinois, his hometown. For his funeral services they had to make a coffin appropriate for his height. It took 18 people to carry his coffin. Eventually, he was interred at Oakwood Cemetery in Upper Alton, Madison County, Illinois.

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The sad and short life of Robert Wadlow, the tallest man in history - Market Research Telecast

Amid rising demand for better accuracy in administering required medications to patients, the injection pen market is finding itself impressive growth opportunities. A new study by Fact MR projects theinjection pen marketto reach US$ 6 Bn by the end of 2030.

Rising prevalence of various chronic ailments has been enabling growth in the injection pen market. These pens allow accurate and more convenient delivery of medication using a vial or syringe. While every person with diabetes may not need insulin, those who do find injection pens simple to use and less intrusive. Injection pens are also often used to administer medications during growth hormone therapy. Growth hormone injection treatment is sometimes prescribed to children diagnosed with turner syndrome or with deficiency of growth hormones.

Besides diabetes, injection pens are often preferred for administering medication in accurate doses for various autoimmune diseases and other conditions. For instance, these are often used for administering medicines torheumatoid arthritispatients. Over the coming years, sales recorded within the market hold possibilities of surging, especially once a COVID-19vaccineis discovered and available for the general public, says a lead analyst at Fact.MR.

Global Injection Pen Market: Segmentation

Type

Indication

Distribution Channel

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Regional analysis includes

Surging Demand for Insulin Pens Aiding Growth

One of the chief market drivers is the surging demand for insulin pens. These pens are rapidly replacing conventional syringes and vials on account of their user-friendly and less intrusive mechanism. Advancements introduced in quick successions also are helping the injection pen market grow.

Since an increasing number of brands have introduced insulin pens with color codes, patient pen section errors have significantly reduced. These factors are likely to play a crucial role in giving tailwinds to sales witnessed in the market.

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More Valuable Insights on Injection Pen Market

Fact.MR, in its new offering, presents an unbiased analysis of the global injection pen market, presenting historical demand data (2015-2019) and forecast statistics for the period of 2020-2030. The study divulges essential insights on the injection pen market on the basis of type (reusable and disposable), indication (diabetes,growth hormone therapy, autoimmune, and others), and distribution channel (hospital pharmacies, retail pharmacies, and online pharmacies), across major regions of the world (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East & Africa).

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Worldwide Sales of Disposable Injection Pen to Surpass US$ 6 Bn By The End of 2030 - PharmiWeb.com

For clients like Charlie whove began experiencing first woman or mens the age of puberty, hormone blockers can be the 1st solution.

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In March 2021, nearly 5 years after our personal primary check out, Charlie stepped into simple exam place. When we for starters found, he was being affected by their sex, anxiousness and melancholy. This time around, the guy immediately moving discussing enjoying hockey, hanging out with associates and making the honor move. He has recently been on hormones blockers for 5 decades and testosterone for nearly 12 months. By using a supportive kids and a gender-competent counselor, Charlie has grown Niche dating site to be growing.

Getting transgender isnt whatever disappears completely. Its something our patients tolerate with regards to their entire everyday lives. Our multidisciplinary attention group continues to notice individuals like Charlie regularly, usually following them into youthful maturity.

While more scientific studies are constantly demanded, a gender-affirmative strategy and evidence-based treatments allows young transgender individuals to reside in the planet since their reliable selves. This increases well being and helps you to save lives, among our very own transgender individuals stated about his adventure getting gender-affirming care and attention.

I in all honesty dont think I would be around received we not just become permitted to transition when this occurs. Im not at all times 100per cent. But You Will Find anticipate. Now I Am very happy to find out tomorrow and I also see I will acquire my personal goals.

On October 29, 2019 Senate Bill 20 plummeted into impact. Under this guidelines, individuals who comprise originally from New Mexico and would like to change up the gender designation as well as the sex designation regarding youngster the beginning certification to do so by completing the correct demand type with the Bureau of Vital Records. The latest rules will allow for Mens, feminine and times as appropriate options. X means a gender rather than male or female or an, undesignated gender.

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For clients like Charlie who've began experiencing first woman or mens the age of puberty, hormone blockers can be the 1st solution. - ADOTAS

I-Mab to host conference calls and webcasts on August 31, 2021. A Mandarin session conference call will be held at 7:00 a.m. ET, and an English session conference call will be held at 8:00 a.m. ET.

SHANGHAI and GAITHERSBURG, Md., Aug. 31, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- I-Mab (the "Company") (Nasdaq: IMAB), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company committed to the discovery, development and commercialization of novel biologics, today announced financial results for the six months ended June 30, 2021, and provided key business updates.

During the reporting period, I-Mab has made remarkable progress in its key business areas. Firstly, on the R&D front, the Company has rapidly advanced its globally competitive pipeline and achieved all critical clinical milestones as set in early 2021 for the key pipeline assets. More specifically, the Company had seven clinical trials initiated or soon to be initiated, achieved five key data readout events for its differentiated investigational drugs, i.e. CD38 antibody felzartamab (TJ202/MOR202), CD47 antibody lemzoparlimab (TJC4), CD73antibody uliledlimab (TJD5), GM-CSF antibody plonmarlimab (TJM2) and novel IL-6 inhibitor olamkicept (TJ301). Furthermore, the Company has made significant progress in expanding the current pipeline through the bi-specific antibody panel, where two lead assets have advanced to clinical trials in the U.S. in early 2021, as well as the next generation of novel antibody candidates enabled by transformative technologies through collaborations. In this regard, the Company has successfully entered into five technology partnering deals to gain access to cutting-edge technologies to generate novel drug molecules with uniquely acquired drug properties, including mRNA delivery, AI-guided targeting, cell-penetrating antibody and tumor-site activation. Secondly, on the corporate development front, the Company has met all expected corporate milestones with respect to building its manufacturing facility in Hangzhou and its commercialization capabilities and preparation of the market launch of felzartamab. I-Mab is now globally connected with six sites or offices in China and two R&D facilities in the U.S. Thirdly, during the reporting period, the Company has initiated its dual listing plan for the STAR Market in China and received multiple prestigious corporate honors by the global biotech community and the capital market. The Company also made efforts to further strengthen its Board of Directors and Scientific Advisory Board with internationally reputable experts.

"With the corporate focus and execution by our highly committed team, I-Mab has managed to have successfully delivered outstanding results that have exceeded our original expectations set early this year," said Dr. Jingwu Zang, Founder and Chairman of I-Mab. "We are thrilled by the achievements because many of the milestones are critical as they have provided positive and enabling clinical data needed for the further development of the key pipeline assets. Looking ahead, we will have 19 clinical trials either ongoing or soon to be initiated in both the United States and China by the end of this year, including our first BLA submission in Q4 2021. With these achievements, our pipeline is now not only innovative and globally competitive but also advanced with more assets moving towards late-stage clinical trials and BLA."

"The progress we have made so far has placed us firmly on track to deliver the rest of the critical milestones and has effectively secured our overall development plan for the key assets such as felzartamab, eftansomatropin alfa, lemzoparlimab, uliledlimab, and plonmarlimab. We are very excited and confident to succeed in our journey to transition from a clinical stage biotech now to a global biopharma within the next few years," Dr. Zang concluded.

Recent Pipeline Highlights and Upcoming Milestones

I-Mab has completed felzartamab 3L registrational trial, enabling the Company's first BLA submission in Q4 2021, and currently manages two additional registrational trials, sevenPhase 2 and eightPhase 1 clinical studies that are either ongoing or soon to be initiated in the U.S. and China. In parallel, a series of pre-clinical programs representing the next generation of innovative assets, i.e. bi-specific antibodies as well as so called "super antibodies", are under the development and some will advance towards IND application in 2022.

Rapidly Advancing Clinical Development of the Late-Stage Assets for Near-Term Value Creation

(1) Phase 3/pre-BLA assets

Felzartamab (TJ202/MOR202): A differentiated CD38 antibody for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and potentially autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). I-Mab has licensed development, manufacturing and commercialization rights for felzartamab in Greater China from MorphoSys.

Felzartamab for MM third-line treatment is on track for BLA submission in Q4 2021 and MM second-line registrational trial is on track. The Company plans to submit a new IND application in Q3 2021 to explore the combination of felzartamab with another I-Mabclinical asset as a potential first-line treatment for MM. The rationale of this combination study is strongly supported by the pre-clinical evidence.

Eftansomatropin alfa (TJ101): A differentiated long-acting growth hormone for pediatric growth hormone deficiency (PGHD). Eftansomatropin alfa is the only rhGH in its proprietary fusion protein format (pure protein-based molecule) and is not chemically linked with PEG or other linkers. Its safety, tolerability, and efficacy have been well demonstrated in a phase 2 clinical trial in the EU. I-Mab has the development, manufacturing, and commercial rights of eftansomatropin alfa in China from Genexine.

(2) Core clinical assets

Lemzoparlimab (TJC4): A highly differentiated CD47 antibody being developed through a comprehensive clinical development plan for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors in China by I-Mab and globally by AbbVie. I-Mab's goal is to achieve the first registration of lemzoparlimab in its class in China and facilitate global registration in collaboration with AbbVie, which leads global development and commercialization efforts. To achieve this goal, three clinical programs of lemzoparlimab are ongoing in parallel in both the U.S. and China, which will potentially lead to one or two pivotal clinical trials in 2022.

Uliledlimab (TJD5): A highly differentiated CD73 antibody being developed for solid tumors. Phase 1 clinical trial conducted in the U.S. was completed and the clinical data was presented at ASCO 2021 as described below. The Company is advancing the asset in phase 2 clinical trials in both the U.S. and China in selected tumor types in an effort to demonstrate clinical proof-of-concept. In parallel, the Company is exploring a potential global partnering deal.

Plonmarlimab (TJM2): A monoclonal antibody targeting human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine that plays a critical role in acute and chronic inflammation. The Company recently carried out an interim analysis of its phase 2/3 clinical trial for the treatment of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in patients with severe COVID-19 in the U.S. The results are reported below.

Efineptakin alfa (TJ107): The world's first and only long-acting recombinant human interleukin-7 ("rhIL-7"). This asset is clinically positioned as a monotherapy for the treatment of cancer patients with lymphopenia and as a combination immunotherapy with a PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody for cancer treatment. I-Mab has the development, manufacturing, and commercial rights of efineptakin alfa in Greater China from Genexine.

I-Mab is accelerating the clinical development of efineptakin alfa by leveraging accumulative clinical data from multiple previous studies either as a monotherapy or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients, as conducted by I-Mab in China and Genexine and NeoImmuneTech in South Korea and the U.S., respectively.

(3) Other clinical assets

Olamkicept (TJ301): A differentiated IL-6 blocker for ulcerative colitis and other autoimmune diseases. I-Mab entered into a license agreement with Ferring Pharmaceuticals to develop and commercialize olamkicept for Greater China and South Korea in 2016. On April 23, 2021, the Company and Ferring signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to explore a possible collaboration to advance the development and commercialization of olamkicept in US and Canada, the European Union and Japan, if so agreed.

Enoblituzumab (TJ271): A humanized B7-H3 antibody as an immuno-oncology treatment agent. As an anti-tumor agent, enoblituzumab works through a unique dual mechanism, i.e. ADCC and immune activation. Over the years, MacroGenics has generated sufficient clinical data in cancer patients, which provide a critical guidance for further clinical development of enoblituzumab in the treatment of cancers. In addition, I-Mab's in-house work is geared towards delineating the combo strategy where enoblituzumab in combination with another treatment agent achieves synergism required for increased clinical efficacy. The Company's development strategy is to move ahead with a combination therapy with pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in selected cancer types, followed by new combo studies with other validated anti-tumor agent(s). I-Mab licensed the development, manufacturing, and commercialization rights of enoblituzumab in Greater China from MacroGenics.

TJ210: A novel monoclonal antibody targeting C5aR1 to treat cancers through myeloid-derived suppressor cells and modulation of tumor micro-environment in favor of enhanced anti-tumor immune response as a novel mechanism of action. The pre-clinical studies have provided ample scientific evidence for the role of TJ210 in the treatment of cancers. Research is continuing, through in vitro and in vivo experimental systems, to identify and validate the most effective combo partner(s) for TJ210 to guide further clinical development of TJ210. I-Mab owns the China rights from MorphoSys and co-develop the asset globally with MorphoSys.

Pipeline New-Comers as Bi-Specific Antibodies Driven by 2nd Wave Innovation and as "Super Antibodies" by 3rd Wave Innovation Through Transformative Technologies

(1) Bi-Specific Antibodies

The Company's bispecific antibodies are novel and designed to address the current unmet medical need in oncology where the majority of cancer patients respond poorly to checkpoint inhibitors as their tumors are often characterized as immunologically 'cold' tumor type. I-Mab's bi-specific antibodies are structurally and functionally enabled to convert immunologically resistant 'cold' tumors to immunologically responsive 'hot' tumors by targeting multiple immune pathways so as to achieve synergistic anti-tumor activities. They can be categorized into three antibody formats, namely PD-L1-based bispecific antibodies, 4-1BB-based conditional T cell engagers, and antibody-cytokine fusion or so-called immuno-cytokines. During the reporting period, two lead bi-specific antibody assets have advanced to Phase 1 clinical trials in the U.S.

TJ-CD4B: A novel Claudin 18.2 and 4-1BB bispecific antibody capable of binding to tumor cells expressing Claudin 18.2, i.e., gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer cells, and stimulating intra-tumoral T cells by the 4-1BB arm designed to become functionally active only upon tumor engagement whilst silent elsewhere.

In June2021, the first patient was dosed in a phase 1 clinical trial of TJ-CD4B in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors in the U.S. To accelerate its clinical development, China sites will join the dose expansion part of the study in Q1 2022, enrolling patients with gastric cancer, gastroesophageal junction carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

TJ-L14B: A differentiated PD-L1-based bispecific antibody with the PD-L1 arm as the tumor-dependent T-cell activator and the 4-1BB arm as the conditional T cell activator upon local tumor engagement.

In addition, other novel bispecific antibodies are currently under pre-clinical development and are expected to advance to the clinical studies in 2022, including:

(2) Super Antibodies Enabled by Transformative Technologies

The Company recently launched a discovery initiative (the third wave innovation) to build a new portfolio of next generation of innovative drug candidates characterized as novel "super antibodies". These super antibodies are structurally different from monoclonal or bi-specific antibodies and uniquely enabled by transformative technologies such as an mRNA-based antibody, masked antibody, cell-penetrating antibody and AI-guided cytokine drugs etc. The Company has gained the access to these cutting-edge technology platforms through collaborations as described below. This growing new portfolio of novel drug candidates represents I-Mab's strong commitment to sustaining the global competitiveness of its pipeline through continued innovation and complements the existing clinical programs.

The Company continues to drive innovation and scientific leadership in immuno-oncology globally. These collaborations are expected to be followed by additional partnering deals that are under discussion, which are designed to propel the discovery engine to drive future pipeline growth.

Business Development and Partnering deals

During the reporting period, the Company has completed 7 licensing and partnering deals that are geared to support the next generation of innovative assets. In addition, the Company is in discussion or business negotiation with potential partners on the following opportunities: (1) Eftansomatropin alfa (TJ101) for a commercial partnering deal with a potential partner at a term-sheet stage, for which I-Mab expects to hold MAH and share in significant sales profit; and (2) Other ongoing BD activities, focusing on in-licensing opportunities for the purpose of enriching the Company's initial commercial portfolio. In addition, the Company is exploring a potential global partnering deal with respect to uliledlimab (TJD5) where I-Mab expects to retain the Greater China rights and grant ex-China rights to a potential global partner.

Transitioning from a Clinical Stage Biotech to Become a Global Biopharma

I-Mab has embarked on a journey to evolve from a clinical stage biotech today to a global biopharma within the next three years. The Companyhas been expanding its global R&D and corporate footprint and is now globally connected with six sites or offices in China (Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Lishui, and Hong Kong) and two sites in the U.S. (Maryland and San Diego). During the reporting period, the Company has made significant progress in advancing its build-up of the manufacturing facility in Hangzhou and its commercialization capability to prepare for the market launch of felzartamab, which has already started in 2021.

Expanding global footprint

(1) A new R&D facility is being established in San Diego, CA, in the U.S. to focus on translational medicine and biomarker research to support the clinical development of I-Mab pipeline assets in the U.S. and China. The center will also host the CMC formulation research and global alliance management. The facility will be operational in Q4 2021; (2) Opening of a new office in Guangzhou, China as a regional hub for clinical development and commercial activities, further aligning the Company's strategy with the Greater Bay Area ("GBA") initiative. These new sites complement with Company's existing facilities and are designed to facilitate its ambition to become a global biopharma.

Building manufacturing capability in Hangzhou

To support its growing pipeline and planned production of the upcoming commercial products, the Company has made substantial progress in the construction of a state-of-the-art GMP manufacturing facility in Hangzhou, China. The pilot plant with 3 x 2,000L production lines is on track to become operational by mid-2022. The PD laboratory is already functional to handle I-Mab's CMC projects. The commercial production facility is being constructed to accommodate up to 8 x 4,000L production lines and is on track to be operational by the end of 2023 or early 2024. The Hangzhou facility has been designed in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards adopted by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA), the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), and European Medicines Agency (EMA).

Expanding the commercialization capability for the market launch of felzartamab and other upcoming products

During the reporting period, the Company has advanced to expand the initial commercialization capability in the following four areas. (1) The key commercial strategy for I-Mab is to leverage its key pipeline products, i.e. felzartamab for multiple myeloma and lemzoparlimab for leukemia, e.g. AML and MDS, and lymphoma when combined with rituximab, to become a leader in the hematologic oncology therapeutic area in China. (2) The current expert commercial core team is being expanded to cover all commercialization functions, including regulatory, market research, market access, reimbursement, sales team etc. The team will be ready for scale up as felzartamab approaches the planned market launch. (3) An integrated multi-functional team consisting of different expertise has been assembled and working towards "preparing the organization", "preparing the market" and "preparing the product" for felzartamab. (4) There are ongoing efforts to enrich the initial product portfolio, beyond felzartamab, through in-licensing and commercial partnering opportunities. Potential deals are expected in late 2021 or early 2022.

ESG Update

In July 2021, I-Mab was granted a BBB rating, the highest newly initiated rating among China-based biotech companies, by the MSCI ESG assessment. In August 2021, the Company established an ESG Committee. The committee consists of Ms. Huaqiong Shen, executive director and CEO of I-Mab, and two independent directors, Mr. Chun Kwok Alan Au and Ms. Rong Shao. Mr. Chun Kwok Alan Au also chairs the committee to ensure impartiality. As the oversight body for the Company's ESG practices, the committee is responsible for supervising the ESG strategies, policies, long-term sustainability objectives and risks of the Company. In addition, the Company also set up an ESG working group to address daily ESG workflows.

I-Mab's vision has been not only to bring innovative therapies to global patients and create value for its shareholders but is also committed to high corporate governance standards, diversity, green operations, sustainable development, and transparent disclosures. Looking forward, the Company will continuously improve its ESG practice and carry out new initiatives to further integrate ESG factors into its strategies and corporate values and communicate periodic progress with investors in a timely manner.

Corporate Development

First-Half 2021Financial Results

Cash Position

As of June 30, 2021, the Company had cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and short-term investments of RMB 4.8 billion (US $739.2 million), compared with RMB 4.8billion as of December 31, 2020. Our strong cash balance provides us with adequate funding support and strategic flexibility as we transition from a clinical stage biotech to a global biopharma company over the next few years.

Net Revenues

Total net revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2021 wereRMB 17.8 million (US $2.8 million). The total net revenues for the comparable period in 2020 were nil. Revenues generated for the six months ended June 30, 2021 solely consisted of revenues recognized in connection with I-Mab's strategic collaboration with AbbVie.

Research & Development Expenses

Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were RMB 593.0 million (US $91.8 million), compared with RMB 442.3million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was primarily due to increased CRO service fees to advance the Company's broad clinical and pre-clinical pipeline, especially for lemzoparlimab (TJC4), uliledlimab (TJD5), and eftansomatropin alfa (TJ101). Share-based compensation expense was RMB 112.7 million (US $17.5 million) for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with RMB 132.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Administrative Expenses

Administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2021 were RMB 451.5million (US $69.9million), compared with RMB 171.4million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The increase was primarily due to higher share-based compensation expenses in relation to management, increased professional service expenses (including expenses that were one-off in nature) and expansion in payroll and payroll-related expenses as a result of increased headcount (including new hires in preparation for product launch and commercialization). Share-based compensation expense was RMB 222.0 million (US $34.4 million) for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with RMB 97.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. One-time expenses were RMB 69.9 million (US $10.8 million) for the six months ended June 30, 2021, compared with nil for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Net Loss

Net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was RMB 1,076.5million (US $166.7 million), compared with RMB 582.9million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was RMB 6.38 (US $0.99), compared with RMB 4.78 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Net loss per ADS attributable to ordinary shareholders for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was RMB 14.67 (US $2.28), compared with RMB 10.99 for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Non-GAAP Net Loss

Non-GAAP adjusted net loss, which excludes share-based compensation expenses, for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was RMB 729.4 million (US $113.0million), compared with RMB 353.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Non-GAAP adjusted net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was RMB 4.32 (US $0.67), compared with RMB 2.90 for the six months ended June 30, 2020. Non-GAAP adjusted net loss per ADS attributable to ordinary shareholders for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was RMB 9.94 (US $1.54), compared with RMB 6.67 for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Conference Call and Webcast Information

The Company's management will host conference calls to discuss the results and updates, and a Mandarin session conference call will be held at 7:00 a.m. ET,and an English session conference call will be held at 8:00 a.m. ET. The conference calls can be accessed by the following Zoom links:

Mandarin Session

English Session

About I-Mab

I-Mab (Nasdaq: IMAB) is a dynamic, global biotech company exclusively focused on discovery, development and soon, commercialization of novel or highly differentiated biologics in the therapeutic areas of immuno-oncology and autoimmune diseases. The Company's mission is to bring transformational medicines to patients around the world through innovation. I-Mab's innovative pipeline of more than 10 clinical and pre-clinical stage drug candidates is driven by the Company's Fast-to-PoC (Proof-of-Concept) and Fast-to-Market development strategies through internal R&D and global collaborations. The Company is on track to transition from a clinical stage biotech company toward a fully integrated global biopharmaceutical company with cutting-edge R&D capabilities, world-class GMP manufacturing facilities and commercial capability. I-Mab has offices in Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Hong Kong and Maryland, United States. For more information, please visit http://ir.i-mabbiopharma.comand follow I-Mab on LinkedIn, Twitterand WeChat.

I-Mab Forward Looking Statements

This announcement contains forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the "safe harbor" provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as "will," "expects," "anticipates," "future," "intends," "plans," "believes," "estimates," "confident" and similar statements. I-Mab may also make written or oral forward-looking statements in its periodic reports to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), in its annual report to shareholders, in press releases and other written materials and in oral statements made by its officers, directors or employees to third parties. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about I-Mab's beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement, including but not limited to the following: I-Mab's ability to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of its drug candidates; the clinical results for its drug candidates, which may not support further development or NDA/BLA approval; the content and timing of decisions made by the relevant regulatory authorities regarding regulatory approval of I-Mab's drug candidates; I-Mab's ability to achieve commercial success for its drug candidates, if approved; I-Mab's ability to obtain and maintain protection of intellectual property for its technology and drugs; I-Mab's reliance on third parties to conduct drug development, manufacturing and other services; I-Mab's limited operating history and I-Mab's ability to obtain additional funding for operations and to complete the development and commercialization of its drug candidates; and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company's clinical developments, commercial and other operations, as well as those risks more fully discussed in the "Risk Factors" section in I-Mab's most recent annual report on Form 20-F, as well as discussions of potential risks, uncertainties, and other important factors in I-Mab's subsequent filings with the SEC. All forward-looking statements are based on information currently available to I-Mab, and I-Mab undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement its consolidated financial statements which are presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company uses adjusted net income (loss) as a non-GAAP financial measure. Adjusted net income (loss) represents net income (loss) before share-based compensation. The Company's management believes that adjusted net income (loss) facilitates better understanding of operating results and provide management with a better capability to plan and forecast future periods. For more information on the non-GAAP financial measures, please see the table captioned "Reconciliation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Results" set forth at the end of this press release.

Non-GAAP information is not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP methods of accounting and reporting used by other companies. The presentation of this additional information should not be considered a substitute for GAAP results. A limitation of using adjusted net income (loss) is that adjusted net income (loss) excludes share-based compensation expense that has been and may continue to be incurred in the future.

Exchange Rate Information

This announcement contains translations of certain RMB amounts into U.S. dollars at a specified rate solely for the convenience of the reader.Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars are made at a rate of RMB 6.4566 to US$1.00, the rate in effect as of June 30, 2021 published by the Federal Reserve Board.

For more information, please contact:

I-MabJielun Zhu, Chief Financial OfficerE-mail: [emailprotected]Office line: +86 21 6057 8000

Gigi Feng, Chief Communications OfficerE-mail:[emailprotected] Office line: +86 21 6057 5709

Investor Inquiries:The Piacente Group, Inc. Emilie WuE-mail: [emailprotected]Office line: + 86 21 6039 8363

I-MAB

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data, unless otherwise noted)

As of December 31,

As of June 30,

2020

2021

RMB

RMB

US$

Assets

Current assets

Cash and cash equivalents

4,758,778

4,341,960

672,484

Restricted cash

-

8,095

1,254

Accounts receivable

130,498

-

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I-Mab Provides Business and Corporate Updates and Reports Financial Results for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 - PRNewswire

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by the dramatic, rapid, appearance of aging from the childhood. Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is caused by a mutation in the lamin A (LMNA) gene. The affected children develop a characteristic facial experience including prominent eyes, small chin, protruding ears, thin lips and a thin nose with a beaked tip. This syndrome also causes hair loss (alopecia), joint abnormalities, aged-looking skin, and a loss of fat under the skin (subcutaneous fat). Moreover, patients of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome experiences severe hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis) from the childhood. The condition worsens with age and increases the risk of heart attack or stroke even at a young age.

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The prominent players in the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Treatment Market are Technology & Research (A*STAR)

In 2012, findings of the first clinical trial of the drug Lonafarnib, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI), gave a new hope for the treatment of children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Clinical trial results demonstrated improvement in weight gain, increase in bone mineral density, reduced vascular stiffness, and improved sensorineural hearing in patients with progeria. Previous treatments with growth hormone, and Sulforaphane helped in reducing the symptoms, and prolong a childs life. However, it is essential that the patient regularly visits the cardiologist. Rapamycin is one other drug used before, that demonstrated to reverse nuclear blebbing, retard cellular senescence, and facilitate degradation of progerin.

Recently in 2015, the scientists at the Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR) successfully established a model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. The study conducted by this organization proposed a model which implies that progerin is linked to telomeres. Progerin induces a reduction in heterochromatin, a tightly packed form of DNA, making telomeres in the cell more fragile and susceptible to damage. The damaged telomeres in turn trigger premature cellular aging. This model is radically different from the one believed earlier the gene progerin caused the nucleus to be deformed, thereby weakening the ability of cells to divide and proliferate. The altered progerin protein makes the nuclear envelope unstable and progressively damages the nucleus, making cells more likely to die prematurely.

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Important Features that are under Offering and Key Highlights of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Treatment Market Report:

Frequently Asked Questions

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[PDF] Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Treatment Market to Witness Robust Expansion Throughout by 2027 UNLV The Rebel Yell - UNLV The Rebel Yell