Physiology, Growth Hormone – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Introduction

Human growth hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is a 191 amino acid single-chain polypeptide produced by somatotropic cells within the anterior pituitary gland. As its name implies, scientists originally found it to be responsible forgrowth regulation during childhood. However, research has determined that HGH is also responsible for the regulation of many of the bodys other basal metabolic functions and operates as an acute phase stress reactant.[1][2]

Human growth hormone is produced viathe anterior pituitary of the brain in the acidophilic, somatotrophic cells. Its production is tightly regulated through several complex feedback mechanisms in response to stress, exercise, nutrition, sleep, and growth hormone itself. The primary regulation factors are growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) produced in the hypothalamus, somatostatin, produced in various tissues throughout the body, and ghrelin, which is produced in the gastrointestinal tract. GHRH functions to promote HGH production and release. Somatostatin inhibits the release of GHRH as well as the HGH release response to GHRH stimulus and increases in hypoglycemia. Ghrelin is a hormone produced by the stomach as part of the hunger response. Functionally, the ghrelin response is protective against hypoglycemia. When elevated, ghrelin binds to somatotrophs to stimulate HGH secretion.Insulin-like growth factor-1 also acts to inhibit HGH by both directly inhibiting somatotrophic HGH release and indirectly through synergistically increasing the release of somatostatin. Additionally, HGH will negatively feedback into the hypothalamus, thus decreasing GHRH production. The net effect of this regulatory mechanism produces a pulsatile release of HGH into circulation that varies hourly. In general, HGH levels will be increased in childhood, spike to their highest levels during puberty, and subsequently decrease with increased age.[3][4][5]

HGH has two mechanisms of effect: direct action and indirect action. The direct effects of HGH on the body are through its action on binding to target cells to stimulate a response. The indirect effects occur primarily by the action of insulin-like growth factor-1, which hepatocytes primarily secrete in response to elevated HGH binding to surface receptors. Once activated, the Janusactivating tyrosine kinases (JAKs) 1 and 2 will bind to the latent cytoplasmic transcriptions factors STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5, and be transported into the nucleusinducingincreased gene transcription and metabolism to produce insulin-like growth factor-1 for release into the circulation. Insulin-like growth factor-1 then has an impact on the growth and metabolism of peripheral tissues. One can think of the effects of HGH as a combined effect of both HGH and insulin-like growth factor-1.

Growth

HGH induces growth in nearly every tissue and organ in the body. However, it is most notorious forits growth-promoting effect on cartilage and bone, especially in the adolescent years. Chondrocytes and osteoblasts receive signals to increase replication and thus allow for growth in size via HGHs activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases designated ERKs (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) 1 and 2 cellular signaling pathways. Activation of this phosphorylation intracellular signaling cascade results in a cascade of protein activation, which leads to increased gene transcription of the affected cells and ultimately causes increased gene replication and cellular growth.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 binds to its receptor, IGF-1R, on the cellular surface and activates a tyrosine kinase-mediated intracellular signaling pathway that phosphorylates various proteins intracellularly leading to increased metabolism, anabolism, and cellular replication and division. Furthermore, it acts to inhibit apoptosis of the cell, thus prolonging the lifespan of existing cells. The net result is to encourage the growth of tissue and to create a hyperglycemic environment in the body.

Metabolic Effects

HGH impacts metabolism primarily by up-regulating the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 and its subsequent effect on peripheral cells. The intracellular signaling activation that occurs, as stated above, also has a significant impact on the basal metabolic functions of organ tissues. In general, cells enter an anabolic protein state with increased amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and decreased catabolism of proteins. Fats are processed and consumed by stimulating triglyceride breakdown and oxidation in adipocytes. Additionally, HGH suppresses the ability of insulin to stimulate the uptake of glucose in peripheral tissues and causes an increased rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver, leading to an overall hyperglycemic state.[6][7][8]

Due to the pulsatile nature of HGH levelsfound in the blood, conventional measurements of serum HGH arealmost useless because the valuesmay vary from undetectable to extremely high depending on environmental stressors and conditions. If a clinician suspects HGH deficiency, it is best to evaluate insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels and to perform HGH stimulation tests.

In an HGH stimulation test, the patient fasts overnight, and a pharmacological challenge is added in the morning with either L-dopa, clonidine,propranolol,glucagon,arginine, or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. HGH serum levels are then evaluated hourly for a response to increased hormone levels. Failure of this test to increase HGH levels, therefore, indicates HGH deficiency.[9][10]

HGH is extremely importantfor modulating growth during adolescence. Therefore, the major aberrations in the regulation of HGH may result in growth defects. HGH hypersecretion results in gigantism or acromegaly, whereas HGH deficiencywill result in a growth deficit in children and the GH deficiency syndrome in adults.

Acromegaly

Acromegaly typically results from an HGH secreting pituitary adenoma with an onset after the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates, typically in adulthood. Therefore, bone growth primarily affects flat bones such as the skull, mandible, sternum, hands, and feet. Often the presenting complaint isof hats or gloves not fitting anymore due to swelling of the hands and head. Because the illness is due to a pituitary mass, hypopituitarism may also develop with secondary reproductive disorders and visual symptoms. In addition to bony growth, there is the growth of myocardium resulting in biventricular concentric hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure in later disease. Because HGH counteracts the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism, diabetes mellitus type 2 and hyperlipidemia are strongly associated with this disease. Treatment consists of surgery and radiation therapy targeting the underlying adenoma as well as symptomatic relief of the secondary effects of HGH as above.

Gigantism

This illness is very similar to acromegaly in all aspects, except the underlying pituitary adenoma develops before the closure of long bone epiphysis. Therefore, bone growth occurs in long bones such as the tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, radius, and ulna. Since epiphyseal closure occurs before adulthood, this is typically an illness with an onset seen in children. The organ and metabolic impacts are similar to acromegaly.

HGH Deficiency

In children, idiopathic HGH deficiency is the most common. In adult-onset, HGH deficiency typically presents as a constellation of hypopituitary deficiencies. The triggering incident is typically a pituitary adenoma, most likely a prolactinoma. However, other treatments, such as radiation therapy or surgery, might be the cause. Childhood-onset is associated with decreased growth of all skeletal structures, leading to dwarfism.Adult-onset HGH deficiency is less easily diagnosed as it has no single identifying feature that is pathognomonic. Typically adults have decreased skeletal muscleand increased fat mass in visceral tissue as well as decreased bone density and remodeling, which leads to osteoporosis. Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance are prevalent, which lead to secondary cardiovascular dysfunction, depressed mood, increased anxiety, and a lack of energy.[11][12][13]

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Physiology, Growth Hormone - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

Joe Rogan’s snake-oil shop the go-to for the likes of Aaron Rodgers – The Irish Times

Aaron Rodgers has earned a couple of hundred million dollars playing quarterback, supposedly the most cerebral position on the football field, for the Green Bay Packers. Yet, when faced with the prospect of getting vaccinated for Covid-19, he chose to ignore the best medical advice and to bypass the small army of doctors at the beck and call of every NFL player. Instead, he sought out the healing counsel of Joe Rogan, a stand-up comedian, podcast host, and UFC commentator who infamously treated his own case of the virus with a cocktail of drugs including Ivermectin, ordinarily prescribed to humans battling parasitic worms.

When the unvaccinated Rodgers revealed this information while explaining his positive test last week, some of the shock that greeted the revelation was misplaced. After all, he is 37 years old and therefore a member of the 18-40 male demographic that has long been in thrall to Rogan, the college drop-out from Massachusetts who is the voice of this generation the same way Howard Stern was the soundtrack for their fathers. Where Stern slung schlock and soft porn, pushing the boundaries of commercial radio, Rogan peddles pseudo-science, platforms conspiracy theorists and exudes the tiresome, brolic machismo of a meathead messiah.

Few men in America are as popular among American men as Joe Rogan, wrote Devin Gordon in an exploration of his popularity for The Atlantic magazine. Its a massive group congregating in plain sight, and its made up of people you know from high school, guys who work three cubicles down, who are still paying off student loans, who forward jealous-girlfriend memes, who spot you at the gym. Single guys. Married guys. White guys, black guys, Dominican guys. Two South Asian friends of mine swear by him. My college roommate. My little brother. Normal guys. American guys.

Spotify paid Rogan in excess of $100 million for his ability to draw just those people in huge numbers to his podcast. The singular nature of his audience also explains why a politician like Senator Bernie Sanders (11 million downloads) or an attention-seeking entrepreneur like Elon Musk (24 million) or any from a slew of respected academics have agreed to sit down with him. They wanted the reach and the price they pay for it is joining a line-up of guests that includes foul characters like Alex Jones (the man who denied the Sandy Hook massacre ever happened). Not to mention their CVs now include appearing on a show whose host has been accused, quite regularly and with cause, of being homophobic, transphobic and Islamophobic.

Sitting down with Harvard dons is a long way from the night 24 years ago when Rogan, then best known as a comic and sitcom actor, conducted backstage interviews at UFC 12, an event so frowned upon by polite society that, due to licensing issues, it was held at the Dothan Civic Center in rural Alabama. He did the gig for free because, as a former national Tae Kwon Do champion, he loved the concept of caged combat. Last Saturday night, after a four-month hiatus, he was back on the microphone as colour commentator at UFC 268 in Madison Square Garden. In the near quarter century in between, his star has risen with the sport, both moving almost in tandem from the fringes to the mainstream.

Even allowing for the contribution hosting NBCs Fear Factor made to his burgeoning celebrity along the way, his lengthy association with the octagon during an era when it captured the imagination of American adolescents has always afforded him increased credibility with those more driven by testosterone than deep thought. Some MMA purists may complain that these days hes not as informed about the game as he should be but, in a sport where fanciful exaggeration and childish over-exuberance are the default settings, he continues to bring an uncritical fan-boys eye to proceedings. Shamelessly so.

If Im talking about fighters and fights, Im always very respectful, I treat it with reverence, said Rogan, explaining his giddy approach to providing analysis during contests. Im trying to do my very best, to give life with these words, to honour what they are doing. Thats what Im trying to do. My goal is, Im like a professional fan and I know enough about it to make it a little bit more exciting, and Im a comedian so I can give a little flavour to things. I want to enhance the broadcast.

Of course, his impact now stretches far beyond breathlessly obsequious post-fight interviews with Conor McGregor et al. At a time when so many no longer prize expertise and openly distrust scientific knowledge, Rogan is the go-to retailer of all manner of quackery for those who think evincing ignorance makes them appear edgy. His podcast is a one-stop snake oil shop for the kind of misguided buffoons who, like Rodgers, believe they are uniquely qualified to conduct their own research and to unearth new treatments that are somehow beyond the ken of those who spend their entire working lives battling contagion.

They have put their faith in a demagogue for the dexamethasone generation who injects himself with testosterone, takes human growth hormone (HGH) and shills for his own, invariably dodgy, brand of brain supplements. Yet, the same fella thought a recent Australian television show sketch mocking him and his myopic followers was official government anti-vaxx propaganda. Like so much to do with him, a joke that isnt funny anymore.

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Joe Rogan's snake-oil shop the go-to for the likes of Aaron Rodgers - The Irish Times

Validated Measure Assesses the Impact of Treatment for Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children – AJMC.com Managed Markets Network

A validation of the observer-reported outcome of the Growth Hormone Deficiency-Child Impact Measure found it valid and reliable to understand the impact of treatment with growth hormone therapy.

A psychometric validation of the observer-reported outcome (ObsRO) of the Growth Hormone Deficiency-Child Impact Measure (GHD-CIM) found it is a valid and reliable measure that can provide a patient-centric picture to the experience children have with growth hormone therapy, according to a study published in PharmacoEconomics Open.

GHD-CIM is a 33-item measure intended to have 2 options: a patient-reported outcome (PRO) for children with GHD aged 9 to 13 years and an ObsRO to be completed by the guardians of children with GHD between the ages of 4 and 9 years.

First, the researchers recruited 243 participants to take part in the validation survey. There were 145 children between the ages of 9 and 13 years who answered their own PRO and 98 parents/guardians who answered about the ObsRO.

The initial review of the validation study data found that the child data had high ceiling effects not seen in the observer data.it was determined that a PRO version for children aged 9 to < 13 years was not psychometrically sound and therefore the decision was made to have only an ObsRO measure of the GHD-CIM, the authors explained.

The mean age of the child for the participating guardians was 6.7 years. The children were mostly White (82.7%) and male (65.3%). The mean age at diagnosis was 5.1 years, and the mean age when the child started taking GHD medication was 5.2 years. The majority of children (79.6%) used a pen for medication injection and had no other health conditions (53.1%).

At baseline, participants completed a validation battery that included sociodemographic items, medical history, the GHD-CIM, the Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGIS), and more. Clinicians completed the Clinician Global Impression of Severity (CGIS).

Factor analyses identified 3 domains: physical functioning (PHYS), social well-being (SWB), and emotional well-being (EWB). The GHD-CIM is scored by adding together each domain and converting to a scale from 0 to 100 points. Higher scores represent a greater impact.

Treatment-naive participants who completed the follow-up assessment 12 weeks post baseline showed improvements in SWB, EWB, and overall scores. There was no improvement over 12 weeks in the PHYS domain.

GHD-CIM scores were calculated for groups who had a 1- to 2-point improvement in the PGIS and CGIS. Changes in the GHD-CIM total and domain scores were larger for the 2-category improvements vs the 1-category improvement.

According to the study authors, the GHD-CIM ObsRO is a validated tool that can be useful for clinicians to monitor patients and assess the impact of treatment. The simple score can be recorded and the measure repeated, providing the clinician with quality-of-life (QOL) data and an annualized height velocity as a primary end point.

As new long-acting GH therapies are currently in clinical trials, a QOL measure would also serve as additional clinical data, the authors wrote. Additionally, the GHD-CIM is intended to be used in research to assess the impact of new therapies and better understand the burden of disease.

Reference

Brod M, Hjby Rasmussen M, Vad K, et al. Psychometric validation of the Growth Hormone Deficiency-Child Impact Measure (GHD-CIM). Pharmacoecon Open. 2021;5(3):505-518. doi:10.1007/s41669-020-00252-5

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Validated Measure Assesses the Impact of Treatment for Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children - AJMC.com Managed Markets Network

Novel App Could Help Earlier Detection of Growth Disorders – Medscape

A smartphone application that allows parents and carers to measure and monitor their childs height accurately could be used to help in the earlier detection of growth disorders, according to the results of a pilot study.

The GrowthMonitor smartphone app was developed by UK researchers to help tackle delays in the diagnosis of growth disorders, which they say are common in the UK. Unlike in other European countries, child growth monitoring has not been a priority and potentially treatable problems are often diagnosed late.

The app uses a simple traffic light system to inform parents that the childs growth is normal (green); that the child should continue to be monitored (amber) or that they should seek medical advice (red).

Compared with gold standard in-clinic height measurements in 79 children, the researchers found the app was highly accurate, and further testing is now underway to examine its performance in the home.

The technology could transform our approach to childhood growth monitoring, by empowering carers to identify growth problems early, enabling much earlier diagnosis and treatment of growth disorders, said Dr Thilipan Thaventhiran, research nurse in paediatric endocrinology, Queen Mary University London, London, UK, in a press release.

It could also provide reassurance to parents whose children are growing normally, thereby reducing unnecessary anxiety and referrals to paediatric services.

The research was presented at the Society for Endocrinologys annual conference, SfE BES 2021, on November 8.

Helen Storr, study leader, professor and honorary consultant in paediatric endocrinology, Queen Mary University London, London, UK, told Medscape News UK that the app is completely novel.

There are currently no apps available that can accurately assess and monitor childhood growth.

Firstly, it is developed by NHS professionals who are experts in childhood growth, which is not the case for many health apps, she said. It uses novel technology which is able to detect and flag up problems.

It has been developed in a university research environment and rigorous scientific testing is underway.

We want to raise awareness of growth disorders, as these are often undiagnosed or diagnosed late, but we also want to avoid unnecessary anxiety in parents and families, Prof Storr said.

The team is therefore working with the Child Growth Foundation because it is very important to us that we got the balance right.

We hope the traffic light system and wording used in the app reflect that aim, she said. Although people can use the app to take as many measurements as they want, the app will not send out multiple alerts, to avoid creating too much worry.

Once a red or amber alert is triggered, it will not be able to send another for 6 months, when the next formal measurement is due.

The researchers note that childhood growth is an indicator of wellbeing, and monitoring growth identifies treatable conditions, such as growth hormone deficiency, in apparently healthy children, and prevents inappropriate referrals.

The smartphone application allows families to monitor a childs growth trajectory at home by combining serial height and weight measurements with existing growth-screening algorithms on a cloud-based platform.

Source: Queen Mary University London

The app calculates height data using augmented reality, and the children were measured three times by the app in parallel to gold-standard stadiometer height measurements taken as part of routine care.

The algorithm calculated each childs height against UK population-based height references, as well as the distance from target height and changes over time. This was converted into the traffic light system to inform parents that growth is normal, or that they should continue monitoring or seek medical advice.

Seventy nine children took part in the pilot study, of whom 42 were male. The average age was 10.37 years, with a range of 1.918.0 years.

The average coefficient of variance for the in-app measurements was 1.5%, which the researchers say indicates excellent precision.

Among the 12 participants who triggered a red alert recommending referral, only two were incorrect. Comparison with the stadiometer measurements indicated they should have triggered amber alerts.

In addition, one green, or normal, measurement should have been amber, based on the stadiometer measurements.

Our preliminary data suggests the GrowthMonitor app produces accurate, reliable height measurements, the team concludes.

The study was funded by the Grant for Growth Innovation (GGI) and Barts Charity.

No relevant financial relationships declared.

Society for Endocrinology BES 2021: Abstract LB15. Presented 8 November.

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Novel App Could Help Earlier Detection of Growth Disorders - Medscape

Global Biosimilars and Follow-on Biologics R&D Market is projected to reach a market value of US$ 2,22,576.5 Million in 2031: Visiongain Research Inc…

Visiongain has launched a new report Biosimilars and Follow-On Biologics Market Report 2021-2031: Forecasts by Type of Manufacturing (In-House, CMOs), by Type (Monoclonal Antibodies, Fusion Proteins, Insulin, Erythropoietin, Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor, Interferon, Growth Hormones, Fertility Hormones, Others), by Application (Blood Disorders, Oncology Diseases, Chronic & Autoimmune Diseases, Growth Hormone Deficiencies, Others), by Technology (rDNA Technology, mAb Technology, Bioassay Technology) AND Regional and Leading National Market Analysis PLUS Analysis of Leading Companies AND COVID-19 Recovery Scenarios.

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Global Biosimilars and Follow-on Biologics R&D Market Outlook

According to Visiongain analysis, Global Biosimilars and Follow-on biologics R&D market was valued at US$12,250.0 million in 2020. The global market is expected to reach US$56,989.8 million in 2026 from its previous value of US$15,435.0 million in 2021 while growing at a CAGR of 29.85% from 2021 to 2026. Visiongain further anticipates that the worldwide biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market will reach US$2,22,576.5 million in 2031 while growing at a CAGR of 30.59% from 2021 to 2031.

What are the Market Drivers?

Incentivizing Providers to Adopt BiosimilarsProvider incentives, like those for other medical products, may affect the usage of biologics and biosimilars. Internal reference pricing is a significant strategy for promoting the adoption of lower-cost medications in Europe. The current status quo condition of Medicare and most other U.S. insurance plans, where payment rates are unique to each product, provides a far greater incentive to move to lower-cost biosimilars.

Doctors in European nations have also been given biosimilar prescription goals, which are often accompanied by financial incentives to encourage physicians to prescribe biosimilars. Consider the following scenario: For instance:

Story continues

In the UK, specific prescription goals & incentives encourage doctors to utilize biosimilars as part of a quality-improvement program run by the National Health Service (NHS). Providers that use 90% of the best value generics/biologics for new patients within a quarter of the time advice is available, and 80% for current patients within a year of the time guidance is published, will get a 1% incentive on high-cost medicines.

In France, three molecules have recently been approved for shared savings or "gainsharing" agreements between hospitals and the Social Security department that covers medical costs: adalimumab, insulin glargine, and etanercept. For each biosimilar prescription, hospitals get 20-30% of the savings above reference product costs under these agreements.

Gainsharing agreements have been put in place in Germany to encourage doctors to adopt biosimilars. For example, some regional physicians group & payer group has agreed to share the savings realized by substituting infliximab for Remicade in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. These regionally negotiated agreements have led to the country's high biosimilar adoption rate.

What are the Market Opportunities?

Companies Can Use Information of Original Innovator thus Shorten Development & Approval ProcessesBiosimilars are highly similar' to the innovator version, while not being physiologically identical. This implies that businesses may re-use a lot of the information generated by the original innovative company during regulatory evaluations. This may shorten development and approval processes by several years: for example, in order to support product registration, an improved comparative quality study is usually acceptable in lieu of comprehensive clinical and non-clinical investigations. By 2019, more than 14 novel biological products have lost their orphan designation commercial exclusivity, with another 34 joining them by 2029. Most formulations' patents will expire by 2023, providing ideal circumstances for the development of biosimilars.

Diversity in Approach Amongst the AuthoritiesThe different agencies' agreement on how to manage biosimilars has been improving, however still it is a daunting task. European Medicines Agency's (EMA) efforts to constantly develop guidelines and offer appropriate assistance to bring these medicines to market, more than 70 biosimilars have been registered in the EU and others are being evaluated. To offer access to biosimilars, each national drug authority in Europe, as well as the Heads of Medicines Agencies (CMDh), has made commendable efforts. Until there is a unified approach to interchangeability in Europe, each member state's national medicine authority will be allowed to decide on a case-by-case basis, and each country will continue to manage and roll out biosimilars in its own manner. The image that's emerging is potentially complicated, but with such a large market potential, it's an opportunity worth exploring for market players.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis on Biosimilars and Follow-on Biologics R&D MarketThe pandemic of COVID-19 has shown the susceptibility and vulnerability of global supply networks to interruption. The scarcity of supply sources, especially for APIs and KSMs, has arisen as a threat to the industry's supply chain, and the pandemic has brought this issue to the forefront, given the shortage of COVID-related products that were prioritized for local demand. As a result, several governments have stepped up efforts to develop local manufacturing capabilities and on-/near-shore supply for a wide range of medications.

While these efforts have the potential to expedite localized production in a several economies across the globe, such policies combined with already existing push for local manufacturing face the risk of spilling over into protectionist (economic policy of restricting imports from other countries) trends, which may have a major effect on total product availability and economic viability. Fragmenting product manufacturing footprints over several sites may result in not only a loss of economies of scale, resulting in higher costs for patients, but also significant difficulties in maintaining high quality and compliance requirements across locations. These factors remain high on the regulatory agenda, with ever-increasing requirements over time. As in the past, these factors have resulted in not just a rise in the industry's cost base, but also supply interruptions as a consequence of negative inspection results. With increasing demand from investors, consumers, authorities, and workers, environmental requirements are becoming increasingly rigorous. These regulatory requirements have affected the pharmaceutical industry.

Discover sales predictions for the global biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market and submarketsAlong with revenue prediction for the overall world market, there are 4 segmentations of the biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market, with forecasts for 2 Types of Manufacturing, 9 Types, 5 Applications, 3 Technologies, each forecasted at a global, regional, and country level, along with COVID-19 impact recovery pattern analysis for all segments.

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Key Questions Answered by this Report:

What is the current size of the overall global biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market? How much will this market be worth from 2021 to 2031?

What are the main drivers and restraints that will shape the overall biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market over the next ten years?

What are the main segments within the overall biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market?

How much will each of these segments be worth for the period 2021 to 2031?

How will the composition of the market change during that time, and why?

What factors will affect that industry and market over the next ten years?

What are the largest national markets for the world biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D?

What is their current status and how will they develop over the next ten years?

What are their revenue potentials to 2031?

How will market shares of the leading national markets change by 2031, and which geographical region will lead the market in 2031?

Who are the leading companies and what are their activities, results, developments and prospects?

What are some of the most prominent biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D currently in development?

What are the main trends that will affect the world biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market between 2021 and 2031?

What are the main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the market?

What are the social, technological, economic and political influences that will shape that industry over the next ten years?

How will the global biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market evolve over the forecasted period, 2021 to 2031?

What will be the main commercial drivers for the market from 2021 to 2031?

How will market shares of prominent national markets change from 2021, and which countries will lead the market in 2031, achieving highest revenues and fastest growth?

How will that industry evolve between 2021 and 2031, especially in R&D?

Competitive LandscapeSome of the major companies operating in the global biosimilars and follow-on biologics market are 3SBio, Inc., AMEGA Biotech, Amgen Inc., Apotex, Inc., BIOCAD, Biocon Limited, Biogen, Inc., Celltrion Healthcare Co.,Ltd., Coherus BioSciences, Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd., Eli Lilly and Company, Gedeon Richter PLC, Intas Pharmaceutical Ltd., Mabxience SA, Viatris Inc. (Mylan NV), Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., Samsung Bioepis Co. Ltd., Stada Arzneimittel AG, and Teva Pharmaceutical among other prominent players.

To gain a competitive edge, biosimilars and follow-on biologics companies adopt a variety of strategies. These include product launch, investment in R&D, partnerships, regional business expansion, mergers & acquisitions, and facility expansion. As per Visiongain analysis, Sandoz (Novartis AG) led the global biosimilars market in 2020. Sandozs biosimilar drug natalizumab has been added to its portfolio, which now includes small molecules, complicated generics, biosimilars, and innovative medicines, allowing patients to access patented and off-patent treatments. Sandoz has its presence in immunology, cancer, and endocrinology, in addition to entering complex and underserved areas such as MS (multiple sclerosis). With eight commercialized biosimilars and another ten or more under development, this division of Novartis AG has a strong global portfolio.

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Global Biosimilars and Follow-on Biologics R&D Market is projected to reach a market value of US$ 2,22,576.5 Million in 2031: Visiongain Research Inc...

Biosimilars Market by Product, Indication and Region – Global Forecast to 2026 – PRNewswire

DUBLIN, Nov. 10, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Global Biosimilars Market by Product (Monoclonal antibodies (infliximab, rituximab, trastuzumab), Insulin, Interferon, Etanercept, Glucagon, Calcitonin), Indication (Oncology, Chronic Disease, Blood Disorder, Autoimmune Disease), Region - Forecast to 2026" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The global biosimilars market is projected to reach USD 44.7 billion by 2026 from USD 15.6 billion in 2021, at a CAGR of 23.5% during the forecast period of 2021 to 2026.

Market growth is largely driven by the rising incidence of chronic diseases and increasing demand of biosimilars for their cost-effectiveness. Regulatory approvals and other regulations favouring biosimilars adoption in different countries is also a major driving factor in the biosimilars market. However, the complexities in the development and manufacturing of biosimilars and resistance from reference biologic manufacturers is expected to restrain the growth of this market during the forecast period.

The monoclonal antibodies product segment accounted for the highest growth rate in the biosimilars market, by product, during the forecast period

In 2020, the monoclonal antibodies product segment accounted for the largest share (27.5%) of the biosimilars market, mainly due to the low prices of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies compared to the reference drugs and their wide use in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, and osteoporosis. They are also used in indications such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and macular degeneration. The growth of the fastest-growing segment was attributed to the rising incidence of cancer cases and chronic diseases and growth in the geriatric population.

Oncology segment accounted for the largest share of the indication segment

Based on the indication, the biosimilars market is segmented into oncology, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, chronic diseases, blood disorders, growth hormone deficiency, infectious diseases, and other indications (infertility, hypoglycemia, myocardial infarction, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic kidney failure, and ophthalmic diseases). Oncology is the largest segment in this market owing to the availability of biosimilars at a lower price than innovative biologics and a large number of cancer patients.

The availability of biosimilars in the field of oncology has lowered prices and made cancer treatment more affordable and accessible. Also, due to the high incidence and prevalence of cancer, healthcare systems across the globe are focusing on reducing the burden of cancer by adopting cost effective treatment options. In this scenario, biosimilar drugs might witness widespread adoption in major markets such as the US, Europe, and the Asia Pacific. Considering these factors and the upending competition from biosimilars, many major biologic pharmaceutical companies are making significant investments in the development and approval of biosimilar drugs.

Asia Pacific: The fastest-growing region in the biosimilars market

The biosimilars market is segmented into Europe, Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America and Middle East and Africa. The APAC market, on the other hand, is expected to be the fastest-growing regional segment during the forecast period due to the presence of many emerging players, less-stringent regulations, and increasing cooperation among leading and regional players for development, manufacture and commercialization of biosimilars.

Key Topics Covered:

1 Introduction

2 Research Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Premium Insights4.1 Biosimilars Market Overview4.2 North America: Biosimilars Market, by Product and Country (2020)4.3 Geographical Snapshot of the Biosimilars Market

5 Market Overview5.1 Introduction5.2 Market Dynamics5.2.1 Drivers5.2.1.1 Increasing Demand for Biosimilar Drugs due to Their Cost-Effectiveness5.2.1.2 Rising Geriatric Population and the Increasing Incidence of Chronic Diseases5.2.1.3 Abbreviated Regulatory Approval Process and Concept of Interchangeability5.2.2 Restraints5.2.2.1 Complexities in Manufacturing5.2.2.2 Resistance from Biologics Manufacturers5.2.3 Opportunities5.2.3.1 Emerging Markets5.2.3.2 Patent Expiry of Blockbuster Biologics and Research on New Indications5.2.4 Challenges5.2.4.1 Excess Competition5.2.5 Trends5.2.5.1 Collaborations for Biosimilar Research and Clinical Trials5.3 COVID-19 Impact Analysis5.4 Technology Analysis5.5 Value Chain Analysis5.6 Ecosystem Market Map5.7 Supply Chain Analysis5.8 Porter's Five Forces Analysis5.8.1 Threat from New Entrants5.8.2 Threat from Substitutes5.8.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers5.8.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers5.8.5 Intensity of Competition Rivalry5.9 Regulatory Landscape

6 Biosimilars Market, by Product6.1 Introduction6.2 Monoclonal Antibodies6.2.1 Infliximab6.2.1.1 Infliximab Accounted for the Largest Share of the Monoclonal Antibodies Market6.2.2 Trastuzumab6.2.2.1 Rising Incidence of Cancer to Drive Market Growth6.2.3 Rituximab6.2.3.1 Rising Incidence of Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer are Key Drivers for Market Growth6.2.4 Adalimumab6.2.4.1 Adalimumab to Register the Highest CAGR in the Monoclonal Antibodies Market6.2.5 Other Monoclonal Antibodies6.3 Insulin6.3.1 Increasing Incidence of Diabetes to Support Market Growth6.4 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor6.4.1 G-Csf is Used to Treat Cancer Patients with Neutropenia Occurring After Chemotherapy6.5 Erythropoietin6.5.1 Rising Incidence of Blood Disorders Will Drive Market Growth6.6 Recombinant Human Growth Hormone6.6.1 Market Growth is Driven Primarily by the Increasing Incidence of Growth Deficiency Disorders6.7 Etanercept6.7.1 APAC to Witness the Highest Growth in the Etanercept Market During the Forecast Period6.8 Follitropin6.8.1 Increasing Application of Follitropin in Infertility Treatment to Drive Market Growth6.9 Teriparatide6.9.1 Increasing Incidence of Osteoporosis is the Major Factor Driving Market Growth6.10 Interferons6.10.1 Rising Incidence of Infectious Diseases to Support Market Growth6.11 Enoxaparin Sodium6.11.1 Wide Range of Applications Have Supported the Demand for Enoxaparin Sodium Biosimilars6.12 Glucagon6.12.1 Sandoz is a Major Player in the Glucagon Biosimilars Market6.13 Calcitonin6.13.1 Increasing Incidence of Osteoporosis to Drive Market Growth

7 Biosimilars Market, by Indication7.1 Introduction7.2 Oncology7.2.1 Rising Burden of Cancer to Drive the Demand for Biosimilars7.3 Inflammatory & Autoimmune Diseases7.3.1 Changes in Lifestyle and Environmental Conditions Have Increased the Incidence of Inflammatory & Autoimmune Diseases7.4 Chronic Diseases7.4.1 High Burden of Cvd & Diabetes Worldwide to Drive Market Growth7.5 Blood Disorders7.5.1 Increasing Incidence of Blood Disorders Has Increased the Demand for Biosimilars for this Indication Segment7.6 Growth Hormone Deficiency7.6.1 Growing Use of Biosimilars for the Treatment of this Medical Condition to Support Market Growth7.7 Infectious Diseases7.7.1 Biosimilars Market for Infectious Diseases is Expected to be the Highest in the Asia-Pacific7.8 Other Indications

8 Biosimilars Market, by Region

9 Competitive Landscape9.1 Introduction9.2 Right-To-Win Approach9.3 Revenue Share Analysis of Key Market Players9.4 Market Share Analysis9.5 Company Evaluation Quadrant9.5.1 Stars9.5.2 Emerging Leaders9.5.3 Pervasive Players9.5.4 Participants9.6 Company Evaluation Quadrant: Start-Ups/Smes9.6.1 Progressive Companies9.6.2 Starting Blocks9.6.3 Responsive Companies9.6.4 Dynamic Companies9.7 Competitive Benchmarking9.7.1 Company Product Footprint9.7.2 Company Indication Footprint9.7.3 Company Regional Footprint9.8 Growth Strategies Adopted by Emerging and Key Players9.8.1 Product Launches & Approvals9.8.2 Deals9.8.3 Other Developments

10 Company Profiles10.1 Major Players10.1.1 Novartis Ag10.1.2 Pfizer Inc.10.1.3 Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.10.1.4 Amgen Inc.10.1.5 Eli Lilly and Company10.1.6 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.10.1.7 Fresenius Se & Co. KGaA10.1.8 Stada Arzneimittel Ag10.1.9 Boehringer Ingelheim10.1.10 Gedeon Richter plc10.1.11 Celltrion10.1.12 Samsung Biologics10.1.13 Coherus Biosciences10.1.14 Biocon Limited10.1.15 Viatris10.2 Other Players10.2.1 Amega Biotech10.2.2 Apotex Inc.10.2.3 Biocad10.2.4 Mabxience10.2.5 Probiomed S.A. De C.V.10.2.6 Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics Co., Ltd.10.2.7 Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.10.2.8 Theramex10.2.9 Reliance Life Sciences10.2.10 Kashiv Biosciences

11 Appendix

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/mrja2j

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Biosimilars Market by Product, Indication and Region - Global Forecast to 2026 - PRNewswire

Dana White on the possibility of Hasbulla Magomedov fighting in the UFC – Yardbarker

Dana White has revealed his belief that Hasbulla Magomedov will never get the opportunity to fight in the UFC.

Hasbulla, a social media sensation, has previously been spotted at UFC events. He was invited to Abu Dhabi as an executive guest of company chief Dana White and cheered on compatriot Islam Makhachev as he defeated Dan Hooker.

This all began with Hasbulla appearing in several viral videos promoting his proposed fight with Abdu Rozik, who suffers from the same growth hormone deficiency. There have been some rumblings about the fight being hosted by the UFC.

Unfortunately, were in the dark as to whether there is any legitimate possibility of this fight going ahead, with Dana White having revealed his belief that Hasbullas father could put the brakes on it. Hes quoted by the Daily Star saying:

I dont know if he wants to get involved. From what I hear, his father is super protective of him. If thats the case, you dont want your kid fighting.

Irrespective of whether Hasbulla gets the opportunity to fight in the UFC or elsewhere, hes always going to be an icon for fight fans. Hopefully, the UFC can fight a way to shoehorn him into events in non-combative roles.

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Dana White on the possibility of Hasbulla Magomedov fighting in the UFC - Yardbarker

Dong-A ST’s sales of prescription drugs up 24% in Q3 – Korea Biomedical Review

Dong-A STs sales and operating profit increased thanks to the growth of prescription drugs in the third quarter, the company said.

As the company improved profitability even before receiving fees for licensing out a Stelara biosimilar to Indias Intas Pharmaceuticals, the companys earnings are expected to grow more, analysts said.

Dong-A ST said in a public filing that its third-quarter revenue increased 4.3 percent on-year to 151.9 billion won ($128.9 million). Operating profit jumped 73 percent to 11.6 billion won, and net income, 170.4 percent to 11.3 billion won.

Solid sales of prescription drugs drove the growth of third-quarter earnings. In the third quarter, the companys sales of prescription drugs rose 24.7 percent to 100.4 billion won.

R&D costs and selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses climbed 15.2 percent and 8.6 percent year-on-year, respectively. Still, it was notable that operating income expanded with an improved cost ratio in the prescription drug sector.

Sales of Dong-A STs diabetes treatment Suganon increased 40.3 percent on-year to 8.2 billion won in the third quarter. Functional dyspepsia treatment Motilitone sold 7.8 billion won, up 4.5 percent year-on-year, gastritis drug Stillen, 5.2 billion won, up 28.5 percent, and human growth hormone Growtropin, 12.2 billion won, up 38.1 percent.

However, Dong-A STs revenue overseas decreased 25.7 percent in the third quarter from a year earlier, mainly due to a drop in sales of canned Bacchus, an energy drink, a decline in sales of anti-tuberculosis drug amid fewer government biddings, and a delayed export of a biosimilar of Darbepoetin- to Japan to the fourth quarter.

The company also had a poor performance in medical devices and diagnostic products, with related sales decreasing 17.5 percent year-on-year.

After some agreements over medical devices expired in the fourth quarter, the company failed to find a new source of income in the sector.

In the R&D field, we will focus on the global development of DMB-3115, a biosimilar of Stelara, this year, an official at Dong-A ST said.

In July, Dong-A ST licensed out DMB-3115 to Intas, a multinational pharmaceutical company.

The agent is being tested in the global phase 3 trials in the U.S. and three countries in Europe Poland, Estonia, and Latvia.

Later, the trials will expand to nine countries in Europe, the company said.

The company completed the moving of Bio R&D Center to Songdo, Incheon, in April and built a cluster with DM Bios production facilities, which will help the company focus on and accelerate biopharmaceutical research, it said.

Dong-A ST joined the K-mRNA vaccine consortium in September and will conduct vaccine trials, the company added.

Analysts viewed Dong-A STs third-quarter earnings as positive.

Kiwoom Securities said in a report that Dong-A ST improved profitability without an inflow of upfront payment for the licensing deal (on a biosimilar of Stelara) because of sales of prescription drugs including Motilitone, Suganon, and Growtropin kept growing.

We expect the company will turn to operate profit in the fourth quarter year-on-year, the report said.

However, the brokerage noted that Dong-A STs fourth-quarter sales are expected to inch down from the third quarter because a quick selling of some prescription drugs could be applied to the governments consumption-drug price linkage system, which adjusts a drug price according to an increase in drug usage.

Dong-A ST will handle clinical trials of mRNA vaccines in the mRNA consortium. It is positive that it will gain experience in clinical development for a new modality, Kiwoom Securities said. Also, as the phase 3 trial of a Stelara biosimilar is ongoing, the company is expected to release the drug in July 2024 when the original drugs patent in Europe expires.

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Dong-A ST's sales of prescription drugs up 24% in Q3 - Korea Biomedical Review

Umpire Marais Erasmus and Hezbollah are ‘Same’ for Twitter and We Can’t Unsee it – News18

Seasoned South African umpire Marais Erasmus, who has been a familiar face in the cricket circuit and a constant in the ongoing ICC T20 World Cup in UAE, may have finally found his long-lost twin or thats what the Internet has just discovered. Because believe it or not, Erasmus, according to a Twitter user, bears an uncanny resemblance to Hezbollah Magomedov, the little" social media star. For the unversed, Hezbollah Magomedov is an 18-year-old blogger hailing from Makhachkala, Russia, and suffers from a genetic disorder that gives him a childlike appearance with stunted height and a high voice. The Sun reports that he suffers from GHD (Growth Hormone Deficiency), also known as dwarfism. That has, however, not stopped Hezbollah from hanging out with the biggest names in the boxing industry.

Do Erasmus and Hezbollah really look the same?

Oh, well.

Twitterati cannot unsee now.

Hailing from the same place as UFC star and former lightweight champion Khabib Nurmagomedov, Hezbollah is often referred to as Mini Khabib. This is also because of his resemblance to the Russian promoter, which eventually led to a friendship between the two. Hezbollah has been making funny content since 2020 but gained popularity on TikTok when he posted hilarious videos of himself pretending to fight children.

Now, he is regarded as a cult figure in the MMA social media universe along with Abdu Rozik, a 17-year-old singer from Tajikistan. The teenager suffers another disorder, Rickets. On May 15, Hasbullas Instagram handles made an announcement regarding a fight between him and Rozik and the excited fans cheered in anticipation while choosing sides in the comments.

Read all the Latest News, Breaking News and Coronavirus News here. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Telegram.

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Umpire Marais Erasmus and Hezbollah are 'Same' for Twitter and We Can't Unsee it - News18

11 Ways to Boost Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Naturally

Human growth hormone (HGH) is an important hormone produced by your pituitary gland.

Also known as growth hormone (GH), it plays a key role in growth, body composition, cell repair, and metabolism (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).

HGH also boosts muscle growth, strength, and exercise performance, while helping you recover from injury and disease (4, 7, 8).

Low HGH levels may decrease your quality of life, increase your risk of disease, and make you gain fat (9).

Optimal levels are especially important during weight loss, injury recovery, and athletic training (10, 11, 12, 13).

Interestingly, your diet and lifestyle choices can significantly affect your HGH levels (6, 14).

Here are 11 evidence-based ways to increase human growth hormone (HGH) levels naturally.

The amount of belly fat you carry is directly related to your HGH production (3).

Those with higher levels of belly fat will likely have impaired HGH production and an increased risk of disease.

One study observed that those with three times the amount of belly fat as the control group had less than half their amount of HGH (15).

Another study monitored the 24-hour release of HGH and found a large decline in those with more abdominal fat.

Interestingly, research suggests that excess body fat affects HGH levels more in men. However, lowering body fat is still key for both genders (15, 16).

Whats more, a study found that people with obesity had lower levels of HGH and IGF-1 a growth-related protein. After losing a significant amount of weight, their levels returned to normal (17).

Belly fat is the most dangerous type of stored fat and linked to many diseases. Losing belly fat will help optimize your HGH levels and other aspects of your health.

Get rid of excess body fat especially around your belly to optimize your HGH levels and improve your health.

Studies show that fasting leads to a major increase in HGH levels.

One study found that 3 days into a fast, HGH levels increased by over 300%. After 1 week of fasting, they had increased by a massive 1,250% (18).

Other studies have found similar effects, with double or triple HGH levels after just 23 days of fasting (19, 20, 21).

However, continuous fasting is not sustainable in the long term. Intermittent fasting is a more popular dietary approach that limits eating to brief time periods.

Multiple methods of intermittent fasting are available. One common approach is a daily 8-hour eating window with a 16-hour fast. Another involves eating only 500600 calories 2 days per week (22, 23).

Intermittent fasting can help optimize HGH levels in two main ways. First, it can help you drop body fat, which directly affects HGH production (24, 25, 26, 27).

Second, itll keep your insulin levels low for most of the day, as insulin is released when you eat. Research suggests that insulin spikes can disrupt your natural growth hormone production (28, 29).

One study observed large differences in HGH levels on the fasting day compared with the eating day (30).

Shorter 1216-hour fasts likely help as well, though more research is needed to compare their effects with full-day fasts.

When taken alone, arginine may boost HGH.

Though most people tend to use amino acids like arginine alongside exercise, several studies show little or no increase in HGH levels (31, 32, 33).

However, studies have observed that taking arginine on its own without any exercise significantly increases levels of this hormone (32, 33).

Other non-exercise studies also support the use of arginine to boost HGH.

One study examined the effects of taking either 45 or 114 mg of arginine per pound (100 or 250 mg per kg) of body weight, or around 610 or 1520 grams per day, respectively.

It found no effect for the lower dose, but participants taking the higher dose experienced around a 60% increase in HGH levels during sleep (34).

An increase in insulin is associated with lower HGH levels.

Refined carbs and sugar raise insulin levels the most, so reducing your intake may help optimize growth hormone levels (24, 25).

One study found that healthy people had 34 times higher HGH levels than those with diabetes, as well as impaired carb tolerance and insulin function (35).

Along with directly affecting insulin levels, excess sugar intake is a key factor in weight gain and obesity, which also affect HGH levels.

That said, the occasional sweet treat will not impact your HGH levels in the long term.

Aim to achieve a balanced diet, as what you eat has a profound effect on your health, hormones, and body composition.

Your body naturally releases significant amounts of HGH, especially at night (36, 37).

Given that most meals cause a rise in insulin levels, some experts suggest avoiding food before bedtime (25).

In particular, a high-carb or high-protein meal may spike your insulin and potentially block some of the HGH released at night (38).

Keep in mind that insufficient research exists on this theory.

Nevertheless, insulin levels normally decrease 23 hours after eating, so you may wish to avoid carb- or protein-based meals 23 hours before bedtime.

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter, sending signals around your brain.

As a well-known calming agent for your brain and central nervous system, its often used to aid sleep. Interestingly, it may also help increase your HGH levels (39).

One study found that taking a GABA supplement led to a 400% increase in HGH at rest and a 200% increase following exercise (40).

GABA may also increase HGH levels by improving your sleep, since your nighttime growth hormone release is linked to sleep quality and depth (41, 42).

However, most of these increases were short-lived and GABAs long-term benefits for growth hormone levels remain unclear (39, 40).

Exercise is one of the most effective ways to significantly raise your HGH levels.

The increase depends on the type of exercise, intensity, food intake around the workout, and your bodys own traits (43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49).

High-intensity exercise increases HGH the most, but all forms of exercise are beneficial (43, 44).

You can perform repeated sprints, interval training, weight training, or circuit training to spike your HGH levels and maximize fat loss (46, 50, 51).

As with supplements, exercise mainly causes short-term spikes in HGH levels.

Nevertheless, over the long term, exercise may optimize your hormone function and decrease body fat, both of which will benefit your HGH levels.

Some sports supplements can optimize performance and temporarily boost your HGH levels.

In one study, taking 4.8 grams of beta-alanine before a workout increased the number of repetitions performed by 22% (52).

It also doubled peak power and boosted HGH levels compared with the non-supplement group (52).

Another study demonstrated that a sugary sports drink increased HGH levels toward the end of a workout. However, if youre trying to lose fat, the drinks extra calories will negate any benefit from the short-term HGH spike (53).

Studies have shown that protein shakes both with and without carbs can boost HGH levels around workouts (48).

However, if a casein or whey protein supplement is taken immediately before strength exercise, it may have the opposite effect.

One study found that drinking a beverage containing 25 grams (0.9 ounces) of casein or whey protein 30 minutes before strength exercise reduced levels of human growth hormone and testosterone, compared with a non-caloric placebo (49).

The majority of HGH is released in pulses when you sleep. These pulses are based on your bodys internal clock or circadian rhythm.

The largest pulses occur before midnight, with some smaller pulses in the early morning (36, 37).

Studies have shown that poor sleep can reduce the amount of HGH your body produces (42).

In fact, getting an adequate amount of deep sleep is one of the best strategies to enhance your long-term HGH production (37, 42).

Here are a few simple strategies to help optimize your sleep:

Melatonin is a hormone that plays an important role in sleep and blood pressure regulation (54).

Melatonin supplements have become a popular sleep aid that can increase the quality and duration of your sleep (55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61).

While good sleep alone may benefit HGH levels, further research has shown that a melatonin supplement can directly enhance HGH production (58, 62, 63, 64).

Melatonin is also fairly safe and non-toxic. However, it may alter your brain chemistry in some ways, so you may want to check with your healthcare provider before using it (65).

To maximize its effects, take 15 mg about 30 minutes before bed. Start with a lower dose to assess your tolerance, then increase if needed.

Several other supplements may enhance human growth hormone production, including:

While these supplements may increase your HGH levels, studies indicate that their effects are only temporary.

As with other key hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, having healthy levels of growth hormone is important.

HGH helps your body with metabolism, cell repair, and other vital functions.

By following the tips above, you can increase your HGH levels fairly easily.

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11 Ways to Boost Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Naturally