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Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a protein thats found on the surface of breast cells. Its normal function is to promote cellular growth and division.

Some breast cancers have higher-than-normal levels of HER2. These are called HER2-positive breast cancers. However, only a low percentage of breast cancers are HER2-positive.

Most breast cancers are HER2-negative. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), an estimated 78 percent of breast cancers are HER2-negative and dont produce too much HER2.

Continue reading below as we explore what it means to have HER2-negative breast cancer. Well cover the different HER2-negative subtypes, as well as diagnosis, treatment, and outlook.

HER2-negative breast cancer has a couple of different subtypes. Lets take a look at these now.

In addition to having a HER2 status, breast cancer cells also have a hormone receptor (HR) status. Estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors can be found on breast cancer cells. Its worth noting that these receptors can also be found on healthy breast cells.

A breast cancer is HR-positive when it has receptors for estrogen, progesterone, or both. Estrogen receptor-positive cancers are more common and are estimated to occur in about 75 percent of all breast cancers.

In HR-positive cancers, estrogen or progesterone can bind to the hormone receptors on breast cancer cells, helping to promote their growth and spread. As such, treatments for HR-positive breast cancers often targets hormone receptors.

Overall, HER2-negative, HR-positive breast cancers are the most common subtype of breast cancer. The NCI estimates that between 2014 and 2018, 68 percent of breast cancers in the United States were this subtype.

Its also possible for a breast cancer to be negative for both HER2 and for hormone receptors. A breast cancer thats HER2-negative, HR-negative is called triple-negative breast cancer.

This subtype of breast cancer is less common. The NCI estimates that between the years of 2014 and 2018, only 10 percent of breast cancers were this subtype.

Because triple-negative breast cancer lacks both HER2 and hormone receptors, it doesnt respond to treatments that target these factors. Additionally, it tends to recur more often than other subtypes of breast cancer.

If youve been newly diagnosed with breast cancer, the HER2 status of your tumor will be determined. This is performed on a tissue sample collected from a biopsy or surgery.

HER2 status can be tested in two ways:

Generally speaking, testing HER2 status with FISH can take longer and be more expensive. Because of this, IHC is often used initially. The results of this test are reported as a number value from 0 to 3+:

If a FISH test is done, the results are reported as either positive or negative. A test that comes back FISH negative is considered to be HER2-negative.

The treatment of HER2-negative breast cancer can also depend on HR status. Lets examine some of the potential treatment options for each subtype of HER2-negative breast cancer.

HER2-negative breast cancer thats HR-positive can be treated with hormone therapy. This blocks the actions of hormones, stopping the cancer from growing.

Most of the drugs that are used in hormone therapy target estrogen. Some examples include:

Another way to block the action of estrogen is to reduce or shut down the ovaries activity. This is called ovarian suppression and can be accomplished by:

Some types of targeted therapy may also be used in HER2-negative, HR-positive breast cancer. Targeted therapy drugs bind to specific proteins on or in cancer cells. Some that may be used for this subtype of breast cancer are:

Other potential treatment options for HER2-negative, HR-positive breast cancers include:

Breast cancer thats triple-negative wont respond to some of the treatments used for HER2-negative, HR-positive breast cancer. This includes hormone therapy and many targeted therapies.

As with many breast cancers, the first potential treatment option for this subtype is surgery. This may or may not be followed by radiation therapy to help prevent the cancer from coming back.

If surgery isnt possible or doesnt remove all of the cancer, chemotherapy is the main systemic treatment option for triple-negative breast cancer. Chemotherapy may also be given along with the immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab (Keytruda).

Targeted therapy with PARP inhibitors (olaparib, talazoparib) may be used in people with triple-negative breast cancer and BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. This is typically given when cancer hasnt responded to chemotherapy.

Another targeted therapy drug called sacituzumab govitecan (Trodelvy) may be used to treat triple-negative breast cancer that has metastasized, or spread, to other parts of the body.

In addition to HER2 and HR status, there are also several other factors that can impact breast cancer treatment. These include:

Your doctor will take all of these different factors into account when determining what type of treatment to recommend for your individual situation.

HER2-positive breast cancer cells have high levels of HER2 on their surface. This is in contrast to HER2-negative breast cancers, in which cells have low or normal levels of HER2.

The HER2 protein promotes cellular growth. Because of this, HER2-positive breast cancers tend to grow and spread more quickly than other types of breast cancers.

Breast cancers that are HER2-positive also have additional treatment options available. These are targeted therapies that specifically target the HER2 protein on cancer cells.

Its also important to note that some research has found that breast cancers may switch HER2 and HR status over time. This is why its important to reassess these markers if a cancer recurs.

You may be wondering if having HER2-negative breast cancer is better than having HER2-positive breast cancer. Theres no straightforward answer to this question, as both types of breast cancer have their own upsides and downsides.

For example, HER2-positive breast cancer is likely to grow and spread more rapidly. However, it also has many available treatment options, particularly if its also HR-positive.

Meanwhile, HER2-negative breast cancer grows and spreads more slowly than HER2-positive breast cancer. However, it also has less potential treatment options, especially if its HR-negative (triple-negative).

Further, other additional factors besides HER2 and HR status play into breast cancer outlook. Some of these include individual factors like your age and overall health. Other factors that are used in staging are also important, such as:

Cancer survival statistics are typically reported using a 5-year survival rate. This is the percentage of individuals that are still living 5 years after their diagnosis.

Survival rates can vary based off of the subtype of breast cancer that you have. A publication from the American Cancer Society reports 5-year survival rates for HER2-negative breast cancers as:

Keep in mind that HER2 and HR status arent the only factors that can influence outlook. Other important factors at diagnosis include:

The outlook for HER2-negative breast cancer can depend on its HR status. HER2-negative breast cancers that are HR-positive typically have a better outlook than those that are triple-negative.

The stage of the cancer also plays an important role. For example, HER2-negative cancers that are localized to the breast have a better outlook than those that have spread to the lymph nodes or to more distant tissues.

Remember that statistics on outlook or survival are determined based off of the outcomes of a large amount of people with breast cancer over many years. They dont take into account individual factors or very recent advances in treatment.

Your doctor will help you to better understand what your HER2-negative status means for you on an individual level. Dont hesitate to voice any questions or concerns that you may have regarding your diagnosis or treatment options.

Read more:

HER2-Negative Breast Cancer: Types, Treatments, Outlook - Healthline

After IT (2017) steamrolled box office records on its way to becoming the highest-grossing horror film of all time (not adjusted for inflation; The Exorcist (1973) will never be topped in that regard), you had better believe studio heads were (and are) feverishly looking to greenlight every possible Stephen King property for modern audiences. To their advantage, Kings work has famously produced more cinematic duds than classics (like 2017s waste of talent, The Dark Tower), and there are a number of been-done features ripe for a remake. One that I would suggest tackling is Children of the Corn, a 1977 short story King wrote that first appeared in Penthouse (see, sometimes the articles are worth reading). It later found a permanent home in Night Shift, a collection of his shorter works.

In 1984, the story was commissioned for a feature film, with King himself writing the first draft of the script, though it was eventually discarded for a draft done by George Goldsmith. Although the film has a strong cult following and is responsible for spawning nine sequels/remakes/whatever they are, it strays so far from Kings disturbing, dark original story that the property is perfect for reworking. Before anyone says They did that with the 2009 version try watching it again and get back to me.

In the small Midwestern town of Gatlin, Nebraska, all of the local children have fallen under the spell of Isaac (John Franklin), a self-proclaimed prophet who orders the murder of every adult in town (specifically, anyone over the age of 19) as a sacrifice to He Who Walks Behind the Rows. Cut to three years later and Gatlin is a virtual ghost town. Its surrounded by fields of corn and bereft of adult supervision. Burt (Peter Horton) and Vicky (Linda Hamilton) are traveling cross country to Seattle, where newly-minted doctor Burt will begin his practice.

As the couple approaches Gatlin, Burt, distracted while driving, hits a young boy in the road. Closer inspection reveals the boys throat had been cut prior to the accident. Burt and Vicky head to the only service station near town and find an old man (R.G. Armstrong) who implores them to avoid Gatlin and head up the highway to the next town.

Despite the old mans advice, all roads seem to lead to Gatlin. Burt finally relents and enters the city limits. There, he and Vicky meet Job (Robby Kiger) and Sarah (Anne Marie McEvoy), two of the only children in town who refuse to participate in Isaacs bloodshed. Job is adept at sneaking around. But Sarah has the true gift, able to see visions of future events through her dreams. Vicky remains behind with Sarah while Burt heads off into town in search of help. Yet he finds nothing but empty homes and savage youths. The children operate under the ruthless guidance of Malachai (Courtney Gains), Isaacs muscle who is even more sadistic than the diminutive deacon. With Burt off on his own, the children kidnap Vicky as an intended sacrifice to He Who Walks Behind the Rows. This sets up a showdown between Burt and a horde of brainwashed kids.

The original short story got under my skin when I read it twenty years ago or so. There are passages in that little tale that have stuck with me all these years later. King has a way of describing deaths so succinctly, yet also in such a way that your mind ruminates on the methods of dispatch long after you have finished his words. He provides just enough detail to chill, but not so much you feel like youre reading Saw: The Book. Now, dont get me wrong. I like me some 1984 Children of the Corn kids. But part of me has always been a little bummed the film didnt venture into unconventional filmmaking territory.

Linda Hamilton makes her feature debut here, a mere six months before the release of her watershed classic, The Terminator (1984). Of the two leading adults R.G. Armstrong doesnt exactly count, given his one-day-of-shooting role Hamilton emotes and out-acts her beau, Peter Horton, who just falls flat in the leading man category. Hamilton is mostly sidelined until she becomes the typical damsel in distress but she sells the role well enough. Horton has always been too lifeless for me.

The real meaty work in Children of the Corn is done by the kids, especially Franklin and Gains. The sermons given by Franklin are chock full of hellfire and brimstone. They portend unimaginable agony for those who would defy the word of He Who Walks Behind the Rows. Although only a boy of twelve, Franklin looks older (he was 23 at the time of filming, but a growth hormone disorder left him looking and sounding like an adult/child hybrid) and speaks like a seasoned preacher.

His scene chewing is only surpassed by Gains as Malachai, Isaacs right-hand man who is all-too-eager to shed blood. Heres a fun drinking game: take a shot every time Malachai howls Outlander!. Actually, dont because youll probably get alcohol poisoning. Gains, with his brooding looks and fiery red hair, brings a savagery and apathy to Malachai thats helped him endure as one of the films true highlights.

Let me throw some praise over to composer Jonathan Elias, too. His chanting child choir compositions are on par with such celebrated Satanic soundtracks as The Omen (1976) and Rosemarys Baby (1968). Elias is a classically trained musician who began his career in film music by composing for trailers, like Alien (1979). This film was actually the first feature he was tasked to score.

Blame it on nostalgia, but I still have a soft spot for director Fritz Kierschs interpretation of Kings short story all these years later despite its lack of bite and deviation from the superior source material. Maybe its the austere Midwestern setting or just the general notion of a cult of children murdering adults and worshiping some thing that dwells within the cornfield. Speaking of which, that was handled poorly. He Who Walks Behind the Rows turned out to be He Who Looks Like Someone Spilled a Highlighter. Didnt they finally show it in the third film? Fourth? Who can remember? I do have a weakness for 90s horror. Maybe its time to revisit this series forgotten sequels

Coming four years after their remastered in 4K Blu-ray edition, Arrow Video now releases this film on 4K Ultra HD proper. Though the 1.85:1 2160p image is perhaps a bit less impressive this time around because the increase in resolution only further exacerbates the already-heavy film grain. The prior Blu-ray presented Children of the Corn the best it has ever looked. While those improvements do remain here the image doesnt offer much additional eye candy. I noticed an incremental increase in some fine detail (during well-lit scenes) and some of the color saturation seems improved. But by and large, this is such a minor upgrade I would only recommend it for diehard fans or those who never owned the previous Arrow Blu-ray.

Audio options remain the same, with an English LPCM 2.0 stereo or DTS-HD MA 5.1 surround sound track. The film was originally mixed in Dolby. I found the best audible experience came from the stereo track, although the multi-channel isnt a slouch by any means. Effects get a bit more breathing room there but nothing about the expanded audio will impress on a sound system. Jonathan Elias score sounds utterly chilling in lossless, contributing, like, 85% of the films tension. Dialogue comes through clear and free of issues. Subtitles are available in English.

Summary

Owners of Arrows 2017 disc may find little reason to upgrade but for newcomers this disc is an easy recommendation, thanks to good-as-it-will-ever-get a/v quality and a long list of solid bonus features. Note: this release contains only a 4K disc and does not have an accompanying Blu-ray.

Categorized: Movie News Reviews

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'Children of the Corn' (1984) 4K Review: Arrow Improves On An Already-Strong Release - Dread Central

A validation of the observer-reported outcome of the Growth Hormone Deficiency-Child Impact Measure found it valid and reliable to understand the impact of treatment with growth hormone therapy.

A psychometric validation of the observer-reported outcome (ObsRO) of the Growth Hormone Deficiency-Child Impact Measure (GHD-CIM) found it is a valid and reliable measure that can provide a patient-centric picture to the experience children have with growth hormone therapy, according to a study published in PharmacoEconomics Open.

GHD-CIM is a 33-item measure intended to have 2 options: a patient-reported outcome (PRO) for children with GHD aged 9 to 13 years and an ObsRO to be completed by the guardians of children with GHD between the ages of 4 and 9 years.

First, the researchers recruited 243 participants to take part in the validation survey. There were 145 children between the ages of 9 and 13 years who answered their own PRO and 98 parents/guardians who answered about the ObsRO.

The initial review of the validation study data found that the child data had high ceiling effects not seen in the observer data.it was determined that a PRO version for children aged 9 to < 13 years was not psychometrically sound and therefore the decision was made to have only an ObsRO measure of the GHD-CIM, the authors explained.

The mean age of the child for the participating guardians was 6.7 years. The children were mostly White (82.7%) and male (65.3%). The mean age at diagnosis was 5.1 years, and the mean age when the child started taking GHD medication was 5.2 years. The majority of children (79.6%) used a pen for medication injection and had no other health conditions (53.1%).

At baseline, participants completed a validation battery that included sociodemographic items, medical history, the GHD-CIM, the Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGIS), and more. Clinicians completed the Clinician Global Impression of Severity (CGIS).

Factor analyses identified 3 domains: physical functioning (PHYS), social well-being (SWB), and emotional well-being (EWB). The GHD-CIM is scored by adding together each domain and converting to a scale from 0 to 100 points. Higher scores represent a greater impact.

Treatment-naive participants who completed the follow-up assessment 12 weeks post baseline showed improvements in SWB, EWB, and overall scores. There was no improvement over 12 weeks in the PHYS domain.

GHD-CIM scores were calculated for groups who had a 1- to 2-point improvement in the PGIS and CGIS. Changes in the GHD-CIM total and domain scores were larger for the 2-category improvements vs the 1-category improvement.

According to the study authors, the GHD-CIM ObsRO is a validated tool that can be useful for clinicians to monitor patients and assess the impact of treatment. The simple score can be recorded and the measure repeated, providing the clinician with quality-of-life (QOL) data and an annualized height velocity as a primary end point.

As new long-acting GH therapies are currently in clinical trials, a QOL measure would also serve as additional clinical data, the authors wrote. Additionally, the GHD-CIM is intended to be used in research to assess the impact of new therapies and better understand the burden of disease.

Reference

Brod M, Hjby Rasmussen M, Vad K, et al. Psychometric validation of the Growth Hormone Deficiency-Child Impact Measure (GHD-CIM). Pharmacoecon Open. 2021;5(3):505-518. doi:10.1007/s41669-020-00252-5

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Validated Measure Assesses the Impact of Treatment for Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children - AJMC.com Managed Markets Network

A smartphone application that allows parents and carers to measure and monitor their childs height accurately could be used to help in the earlier detection of growth disorders, according to the results of a pilot study.

The GrowthMonitor smartphone app was developed by UK researchers to help tackle delays in the diagnosis of growth disorders, which they say are common in the UK. Unlike in other European countries, child growth monitoring has not been a priority and potentially treatable problems are often diagnosed late.

The app uses a simple traffic light system to inform parents that the childs growth is normal (green); that the child should continue to be monitored (amber) or that they should seek medical advice (red).

Compared with gold standard in-clinic height measurements in 79 children, the researchers found the app was highly accurate, and further testing is now underway to examine its performance in the home.

The technology could transform our approach to childhood growth monitoring, by empowering carers to identify growth problems early, enabling much earlier diagnosis and treatment of growth disorders, said Dr Thilipan Thaventhiran, research nurse in paediatric endocrinology, Queen Mary University London, London, UK, in a press release.

It could also provide reassurance to parents whose children are growing normally, thereby reducing unnecessary anxiety and referrals to paediatric services.

The research was presented at the Society for Endocrinologys annual conference, SfE BES 2021, on November 8.

Helen Storr, study leader, professor and honorary consultant in paediatric endocrinology, Queen Mary University London, London, UK, told Medscape News UK that the app is completely novel.

There are currently no apps available that can accurately assess and monitor childhood growth.

Firstly, it is developed by NHS professionals who are experts in childhood growth, which is not the case for many health apps, she said. It uses novel technology which is able to detect and flag up problems.

It has been developed in a university research environment and rigorous scientific testing is underway.

We want to raise awareness of growth disorders, as these are often undiagnosed or diagnosed late, but we also want to avoid unnecessary anxiety in parents and families, Prof Storr said.

The team is therefore working with the Child Growth Foundation because it is very important to us that we got the balance right.

We hope the traffic light system and wording used in the app reflect that aim, she said. Although people can use the app to take as many measurements as they want, the app will not send out multiple alerts, to avoid creating too much worry.

Once a red or amber alert is triggered, it will not be able to send another for 6 months, when the next formal measurement is due.

The researchers note that childhood growth is an indicator of wellbeing, and monitoring growth identifies treatable conditions, such as growth hormone deficiency, in apparently healthy children, and prevents inappropriate referrals.

The smartphone application allows families to monitor a childs growth trajectory at home by combining serial height and weight measurements with existing growth-screening algorithms on a cloud-based platform.

Source: Queen Mary University London

The app calculates height data using augmented reality, and the children were measured three times by the app in parallel to gold-standard stadiometer height measurements taken as part of routine care.

The algorithm calculated each childs height against UK population-based height references, as well as the distance from target height and changes over time. This was converted into the traffic light system to inform parents that growth is normal, or that they should continue monitoring or seek medical advice.

Seventy nine children took part in the pilot study, of whom 42 were male. The average age was 10.37 years, with a range of 1.918.0 years.

The average coefficient of variance for the in-app measurements was 1.5%, which the researchers say indicates excellent precision.

Among the 12 participants who triggered a red alert recommending referral, only two were incorrect. Comparison with the stadiometer measurements indicated they should have triggered amber alerts.

In addition, one green, or normal, measurement should have been amber, based on the stadiometer measurements.

Our preliminary data suggests the GrowthMonitor app produces accurate, reliable height measurements, the team concludes.

The study was funded by the Grant for Growth Innovation (GGI) and Barts Charity.

No relevant financial relationships declared.

Society for Endocrinology BES 2021: Abstract LB15. Presented 8 November.

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Novel App Could Help Earlier Detection of Growth Disorders - Medscape

Visiongain has launched a new report Biosimilars and Follow-On Biologics Market Report 2021-2031: Forecasts by Type of Manufacturing (In-House, CMOs), by Type (Monoclonal Antibodies, Fusion Proteins, Insulin, Erythropoietin, Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor, Interferon, Growth Hormones, Fertility Hormones, Others), by Application (Blood Disorders, Oncology Diseases, Chronic & Autoimmune Diseases, Growth Hormone Deficiencies, Others), by Technology (rDNA Technology, mAb Technology, Bioassay Technology) AND Regional and Leading National Market Analysis PLUS Analysis of Leading Companies AND COVID-19 Recovery Scenarios.

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Global Biosimilars and Follow-on Biologics R&D Market Outlook

According to Visiongain analysis, Global Biosimilars and Follow-on biologics R&D market was valued at US$12,250.0 million in 2020. The global market is expected to reach US$56,989.8 million in 2026 from its previous value of US$15,435.0 million in 2021 while growing at a CAGR of 29.85% from 2021 to 2026. Visiongain further anticipates that the worldwide biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market will reach US$2,22,576.5 million in 2031 while growing at a CAGR of 30.59% from 2021 to 2031.

What are the Market Drivers?

Incentivizing Providers to Adopt BiosimilarsProvider incentives, like those for other medical products, may affect the usage of biologics and biosimilars. Internal reference pricing is a significant strategy for promoting the adoption of lower-cost medications in Europe. The current status quo condition of Medicare and most other U.S. insurance plans, where payment rates are unique to each product, provides a far greater incentive to move to lower-cost biosimilars.

Doctors in European nations have also been given biosimilar prescription goals, which are often accompanied by financial incentives to encourage physicians to prescribe biosimilars. Consider the following scenario: For instance:

Story continues

In the UK, specific prescription goals & incentives encourage doctors to utilize biosimilars as part of a quality-improvement program run by the National Health Service (NHS). Providers that use 90% of the best value generics/biologics for new patients within a quarter of the time advice is available, and 80% for current patients within a year of the time guidance is published, will get a 1% incentive on high-cost medicines.

In France, three molecules have recently been approved for shared savings or "gainsharing" agreements between hospitals and the Social Security department that covers medical costs: adalimumab, insulin glargine, and etanercept. For each biosimilar prescription, hospitals get 20-30% of the savings above reference product costs under these agreements.

Gainsharing agreements have been put in place in Germany to encourage doctors to adopt biosimilars. For example, some regional physicians group & payer group has agreed to share the savings realized by substituting infliximab for Remicade in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. These regionally negotiated agreements have led to the country's high biosimilar adoption rate.

What are the Market Opportunities?

Companies Can Use Information of Original Innovator thus Shorten Development & Approval ProcessesBiosimilars are highly similar' to the innovator version, while not being physiologically identical. This implies that businesses may re-use a lot of the information generated by the original innovative company during regulatory evaluations. This may shorten development and approval processes by several years: for example, in order to support product registration, an improved comparative quality study is usually acceptable in lieu of comprehensive clinical and non-clinical investigations. By 2019, more than 14 novel biological products have lost their orphan designation commercial exclusivity, with another 34 joining them by 2029. Most formulations' patents will expire by 2023, providing ideal circumstances for the development of biosimilars.

Diversity in Approach Amongst the AuthoritiesThe different agencies' agreement on how to manage biosimilars has been improving, however still it is a daunting task. European Medicines Agency's (EMA) efforts to constantly develop guidelines and offer appropriate assistance to bring these medicines to market, more than 70 biosimilars have been registered in the EU and others are being evaluated. To offer access to biosimilars, each national drug authority in Europe, as well as the Heads of Medicines Agencies (CMDh), has made commendable efforts. Until there is a unified approach to interchangeability in Europe, each member state's national medicine authority will be allowed to decide on a case-by-case basis, and each country will continue to manage and roll out biosimilars in its own manner. The image that's emerging is potentially complicated, but with such a large market potential, it's an opportunity worth exploring for market players.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis on Biosimilars and Follow-on Biologics R&D MarketThe pandemic of COVID-19 has shown the susceptibility and vulnerability of global supply networks to interruption. The scarcity of supply sources, especially for APIs and KSMs, has arisen as a threat to the industry's supply chain, and the pandemic has brought this issue to the forefront, given the shortage of COVID-related products that were prioritized for local demand. As a result, several governments have stepped up efforts to develop local manufacturing capabilities and on-/near-shore supply for a wide range of medications.

While these efforts have the potential to expedite localized production in a several economies across the globe, such policies combined with already existing push for local manufacturing face the risk of spilling over into protectionist (economic policy of restricting imports from other countries) trends, which may have a major effect on total product availability and economic viability. Fragmenting product manufacturing footprints over several sites may result in not only a loss of economies of scale, resulting in higher costs for patients, but also significant difficulties in maintaining high quality and compliance requirements across locations. These factors remain high on the regulatory agenda, with ever-increasing requirements over time. As in the past, these factors have resulted in not just a rise in the industry's cost base, but also supply interruptions as a consequence of negative inspection results. With increasing demand from investors, consumers, authorities, and workers, environmental requirements are becoming increasingly rigorous. These regulatory requirements have affected the pharmaceutical industry.

Discover sales predictions for the global biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market and submarketsAlong with revenue prediction for the overall world market, there are 4 segmentations of the biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market, with forecasts for 2 Types of Manufacturing, 9 Types, 5 Applications, 3 Technologies, each forecasted at a global, regional, and country level, along with COVID-19 impact recovery pattern analysis for all segments.

Get Detailed TOC @ https://www.visiongain.com/report/biosimilars-market-2021/#download_sampe_div

Key Questions Answered by this Report:

What is the current size of the overall global biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market? How much will this market be worth from 2021 to 2031?

What are the main drivers and restraints that will shape the overall biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market over the next ten years?

What are the main segments within the overall biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market?

How much will each of these segments be worth for the period 2021 to 2031?

How will the composition of the market change during that time, and why?

What factors will affect that industry and market over the next ten years?

What are the largest national markets for the world biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D?

What is their current status and how will they develop over the next ten years?

What are their revenue potentials to 2031?

How will market shares of the leading national markets change by 2031, and which geographical region will lead the market in 2031?

Who are the leading companies and what are their activities, results, developments and prospects?

What are some of the most prominent biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D currently in development?

What are the main trends that will affect the world biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market between 2021 and 2031?

What are the main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the market?

What are the social, technological, economic and political influences that will shape that industry over the next ten years?

How will the global biosimilars and follow-on biologics R&D market evolve over the forecasted period, 2021 to 2031?

What will be the main commercial drivers for the market from 2021 to 2031?

How will market shares of prominent national markets change from 2021, and which countries will lead the market in 2031, achieving highest revenues and fastest growth?

How will that industry evolve between 2021 and 2031, especially in R&D?

Competitive LandscapeSome of the major companies operating in the global biosimilars and follow-on biologics market are 3SBio, Inc., AMEGA Biotech, Amgen Inc., Apotex, Inc., BIOCAD, Biocon Limited, Biogen, Inc., Celltrion Healthcare Co.,Ltd., Coherus BioSciences, Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd., Eli Lilly and Company, Gedeon Richter PLC, Intas Pharmaceutical Ltd., Mabxience SA, Viatris Inc. (Mylan NV), Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., Samsung Bioepis Co. Ltd., Stada Arzneimittel AG, and Teva Pharmaceutical among other prominent players.

To gain a competitive edge, biosimilars and follow-on biologics companies adopt a variety of strategies. These include product launch, investment in R&D, partnerships, regional business expansion, mergers & acquisitions, and facility expansion. As per Visiongain analysis, Sandoz (Novartis AG) led the global biosimilars market in 2020. Sandozs biosimilar drug natalizumab has been added to its portfolio, which now includes small molecules, complicated generics, biosimilars, and innovative medicines, allowing patients to access patented and off-patent treatments. Sandoz has its presence in immunology, cancer, and endocrinology, in addition to entering complex and underserved areas such as MS (multiple sclerosis). With eight commercialized biosimilars and another ten or more under development, this division of Novartis AG has a strong global portfolio.

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To access the data contained in this document please email contactus@visiongain.com

Information found nowhere elseWith this new and exclusive report, you are less likely to fall behind in knowledge or miss out on opportunities. See how our work could benefit your investment, research, analyses, and decisions. Visiongains study is for everybody needing commercial analyses for the Global Biosimilars market and Leading Companies. You will get the most recent data, opportunities, trends, and predictions.

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Global Biosimilars and Follow-on Biologics R&D Market is projected to reach a market value of US$ 2,22,576.5 Million in 2031: Visiongain Research Inc...

DUBLIN, Nov. 10, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Global Biosimilars Market by Product (Monoclonal antibodies (infliximab, rituximab, trastuzumab), Insulin, Interferon, Etanercept, Glucagon, Calcitonin), Indication (Oncology, Chronic Disease, Blood Disorder, Autoimmune Disease), Region - Forecast to 2026" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The global biosimilars market is projected to reach USD 44.7 billion by 2026 from USD 15.6 billion in 2021, at a CAGR of 23.5% during the forecast period of 2021 to 2026.

Market growth is largely driven by the rising incidence of chronic diseases and increasing demand of biosimilars for their cost-effectiveness. Regulatory approvals and other regulations favouring biosimilars adoption in different countries is also a major driving factor in the biosimilars market. However, the complexities in the development and manufacturing of biosimilars and resistance from reference biologic manufacturers is expected to restrain the growth of this market during the forecast period.

The monoclonal antibodies product segment accounted for the highest growth rate in the biosimilars market, by product, during the forecast period

In 2020, the monoclonal antibodies product segment accounted for the largest share (27.5%) of the biosimilars market, mainly due to the low prices of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies compared to the reference drugs and their wide use in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, and osteoporosis. They are also used in indications such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and macular degeneration. The growth of the fastest-growing segment was attributed to the rising incidence of cancer cases and chronic diseases and growth in the geriatric population.

Oncology segment accounted for the largest share of the indication segment

Based on the indication, the biosimilars market is segmented into oncology, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, chronic diseases, blood disorders, growth hormone deficiency, infectious diseases, and other indications (infertility, hypoglycemia, myocardial infarction, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic kidney failure, and ophthalmic diseases). Oncology is the largest segment in this market owing to the availability of biosimilars at a lower price than innovative biologics and a large number of cancer patients.

The availability of biosimilars in the field of oncology has lowered prices and made cancer treatment more affordable and accessible. Also, due to the high incidence and prevalence of cancer, healthcare systems across the globe are focusing on reducing the burden of cancer by adopting cost effective treatment options. In this scenario, biosimilar drugs might witness widespread adoption in major markets such as the US, Europe, and the Asia Pacific. Considering these factors and the upending competition from biosimilars, many major biologic pharmaceutical companies are making significant investments in the development and approval of biosimilar drugs.

Asia Pacific: The fastest-growing region in the biosimilars market

The biosimilars market is segmented into Europe, Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America and Middle East and Africa. The APAC market, on the other hand, is expected to be the fastest-growing regional segment during the forecast period due to the presence of many emerging players, less-stringent regulations, and increasing cooperation among leading and regional players for development, manufacture and commercialization of biosimilars.

Key Topics Covered:

1 Introduction

2 Research Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Premium Insights4.1 Biosimilars Market Overview4.2 North America: Biosimilars Market, by Product and Country (2020)4.3 Geographical Snapshot of the Biosimilars Market

5 Market Overview5.1 Introduction5.2 Market Dynamics5.2.1 Drivers5.2.1.1 Increasing Demand for Biosimilar Drugs due to Their Cost-Effectiveness5.2.1.2 Rising Geriatric Population and the Increasing Incidence of Chronic Diseases5.2.1.3 Abbreviated Regulatory Approval Process and Concept of Interchangeability5.2.2 Restraints5.2.2.1 Complexities in Manufacturing5.2.2.2 Resistance from Biologics Manufacturers5.2.3 Opportunities5.2.3.1 Emerging Markets5.2.3.2 Patent Expiry of Blockbuster Biologics and Research on New Indications5.2.4 Challenges5.2.4.1 Excess Competition5.2.5 Trends5.2.5.1 Collaborations for Biosimilar Research and Clinical Trials5.3 COVID-19 Impact Analysis5.4 Technology Analysis5.5 Value Chain Analysis5.6 Ecosystem Market Map5.7 Supply Chain Analysis5.8 Porter's Five Forces Analysis5.8.1 Threat from New Entrants5.8.2 Threat from Substitutes5.8.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers5.8.4 Bargaining Power of Buyers5.8.5 Intensity of Competition Rivalry5.9 Regulatory Landscape

6 Biosimilars Market, by Product6.1 Introduction6.2 Monoclonal Antibodies6.2.1 Infliximab6.2.1.1 Infliximab Accounted for the Largest Share of the Monoclonal Antibodies Market6.2.2 Trastuzumab6.2.2.1 Rising Incidence of Cancer to Drive Market Growth6.2.3 Rituximab6.2.3.1 Rising Incidence of Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer are Key Drivers for Market Growth6.2.4 Adalimumab6.2.4.1 Adalimumab to Register the Highest CAGR in the Monoclonal Antibodies Market6.2.5 Other Monoclonal Antibodies6.3 Insulin6.3.1 Increasing Incidence of Diabetes to Support Market Growth6.4 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor6.4.1 G-Csf is Used to Treat Cancer Patients with Neutropenia Occurring After Chemotherapy6.5 Erythropoietin6.5.1 Rising Incidence of Blood Disorders Will Drive Market Growth6.6 Recombinant Human Growth Hormone6.6.1 Market Growth is Driven Primarily by the Increasing Incidence of Growth Deficiency Disorders6.7 Etanercept6.7.1 APAC to Witness the Highest Growth in the Etanercept Market During the Forecast Period6.8 Follitropin6.8.1 Increasing Application of Follitropin in Infertility Treatment to Drive Market Growth6.9 Teriparatide6.9.1 Increasing Incidence of Osteoporosis is the Major Factor Driving Market Growth6.10 Interferons6.10.1 Rising Incidence of Infectious Diseases to Support Market Growth6.11 Enoxaparin Sodium6.11.1 Wide Range of Applications Have Supported the Demand for Enoxaparin Sodium Biosimilars6.12 Glucagon6.12.1 Sandoz is a Major Player in the Glucagon Biosimilars Market6.13 Calcitonin6.13.1 Increasing Incidence of Osteoporosis to Drive Market Growth

7 Biosimilars Market, by Indication7.1 Introduction7.2 Oncology7.2.1 Rising Burden of Cancer to Drive the Demand for Biosimilars7.3 Inflammatory & Autoimmune Diseases7.3.1 Changes in Lifestyle and Environmental Conditions Have Increased the Incidence of Inflammatory & Autoimmune Diseases7.4 Chronic Diseases7.4.1 High Burden of Cvd & Diabetes Worldwide to Drive Market Growth7.5 Blood Disorders7.5.1 Increasing Incidence of Blood Disorders Has Increased the Demand for Biosimilars for this Indication Segment7.6 Growth Hormone Deficiency7.6.1 Growing Use of Biosimilars for the Treatment of this Medical Condition to Support Market Growth7.7 Infectious Diseases7.7.1 Biosimilars Market for Infectious Diseases is Expected to be the Highest in the Asia-Pacific7.8 Other Indications

8 Biosimilars Market, by Region

9 Competitive Landscape9.1 Introduction9.2 Right-To-Win Approach9.3 Revenue Share Analysis of Key Market Players9.4 Market Share Analysis9.5 Company Evaluation Quadrant9.5.1 Stars9.5.2 Emerging Leaders9.5.3 Pervasive Players9.5.4 Participants9.6 Company Evaluation Quadrant: Start-Ups/Smes9.6.1 Progressive Companies9.6.2 Starting Blocks9.6.3 Responsive Companies9.6.4 Dynamic Companies9.7 Competitive Benchmarking9.7.1 Company Product Footprint9.7.2 Company Indication Footprint9.7.3 Company Regional Footprint9.8 Growth Strategies Adopted by Emerging and Key Players9.8.1 Product Launches & Approvals9.8.2 Deals9.8.3 Other Developments

10 Company Profiles10.1 Major Players10.1.1 Novartis Ag10.1.2 Pfizer Inc.10.1.3 Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.10.1.4 Amgen Inc.10.1.5 Eli Lilly and Company10.1.6 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.10.1.7 Fresenius Se & Co. KGaA10.1.8 Stada Arzneimittel Ag10.1.9 Boehringer Ingelheim10.1.10 Gedeon Richter plc10.1.11 Celltrion10.1.12 Samsung Biologics10.1.13 Coherus Biosciences10.1.14 Biocon Limited10.1.15 Viatris10.2 Other Players10.2.1 Amega Biotech10.2.2 Apotex Inc.10.2.3 Biocad10.2.4 Mabxience10.2.5 Probiomed S.A. De C.V.10.2.6 Fujifilm Kyowa Kirin Biologics Co., Ltd.10.2.7 Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.10.2.8 Theramex10.2.9 Reliance Life Sciences10.2.10 Kashiv Biosciences

11 Appendix

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/mrja2j

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Biosimilars Market by Product, Indication and Region - Global Forecast to 2026 - PRNewswire