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"I admired the effort he made to continue" - Lionel Messi's ex-teammate gives rare insight into PSG superstar's growth hormone treatment  Sportskeeda

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"I admired the effort he made to continue" - Lionel Messi's ex-teammate gives rare insight into PSG superstar's growth hormone treatment -...

Abdu Rozik witnesses a 'miraculous' growth in his height; learn all about growth hormone deficiency  Times of India

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Abdu Rozik witnesses a 'miraculous' growth in his height; learn all about growth hormone deficiency - Times of India

OverviewWhat is growth hormone deficiency (GHD)?

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD, or pituitary dwarfism) is a rare condition in which your pituitary gland doesnt release enough growth hormone (GH, or somatotropin). GHD can affect infants, children and adults. Children with GHD are shorter than expected with normal body proportions.

Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, muscles and other tissues. These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it.

Your pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. Its made of two lobes: the anterior (front) lobe and posterior (back) lobe. Your anterior lobe makes GH. It releases eight hormones in total.

People with growth hormone deficiency may have hypopituitarism and have a deficiency in other pituitary hormones, including:

Growth hormone (GH) acts on many parts of the body to promote growth in children. Its essential for normal growth, muscle and bone strength and distribution of body fat.

Once the growth plates in your bones (epiphyses) have fused, GH no longer increases height, but your body still needs GH. After youve finished growing, GH helps to maintain normal body structure and metabolism, including helping to keep your blood glucose (sugar) levels within a healthy range.

If your body doesnt have enough growth hormone whether as an infant, child or adult it can greatly affect your body, albeit in different ways depending on your age. In infants and children, GHD prevents normal growth. In adults, it causes a variety of issues, including increased body fat and elevated blood sugar levels.

There are three main types of growth hormone deficiency (GHD), including:

Growth hormone deficiency is also categorized by the age of onset. It has different symptoms and processes for diagnosis if youre a child or adult when the condition begins.

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a rare condition. About 1 in 4,000 to 10,000 children have GHD, and approximately 1 in every 10,000 people have adult-onset GHD.

The signs and symptoms of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) vary based on what age you are at the onset (start) of the condition.

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in infants and children results in poor growth. The main sign of GHD in children is slow height growth each year after a child's third birthday. This means they grow less than about 1.4 inches in height a year.

Other symptoms of GHD in children and infants include:

Symptoms of adult-onset GHD can be more difficult to detect. Symptoms include:

The causes of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) can vary based on what age you are at the onset (start) of the condition. Some cases of GHD are considered idiopathic, meaning the cause of the condition cant be determined.

Congenital growth hormone deficiency (GHD) results from a genetic mutation and may be associated with brain structure issues or with midline facial abnormalities, such as a cleft palate or single central incisor.

Scientists have identified several genetic mutations that cause GHD, including:

Isolated growth hormone deficiency can have different inheritance patterns depending on the type of the condition.

Cases of acquired growth hormone deficiency (GHD) result from damage to your pituitary gland that affects its ability to produce and release growth hormone. Children and adults can develop acquired GHD.

Pituitary damage can result from the following conditions or situations:

Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children most often occurs during two age ranges. The first is around 5 years of age when children begin school. This is because parents can more easily see how their childs height compares to the height of their classmates. The second age range is around 10 to 13 years old in children assigned female at birth and 12 to 16 years in children assigned male at birth, which are the age ranges when puberty typically starts. A delay in puberty can signal suspicion of GHD.

Growth increments are the most important criteria in the diagnosis of GHD in children. Normal levels of growth usually follow a pattern, and if growth during a recorded six- to twelve-month period is within those ranges, its unlikely that they have a growth condition.

Adult-onset growth hormone deficiency is often difficult to detect because the symptoms are subtle and commonplace. This makes it more difficult to diagnose.

Healthcare providers use different tests to diagnose growth hormone deficiency (GHD) depending on if youre a child or adult.

Your childs healthcare provider will review their medical history and growth charts to look for signs of impaired growth, risk factors for growth hormone deficiency and other conditions that can affect growth.

Other health conditions that can affect and prevent growth include:

Since growth hormone levels in your blood normally vary greatly throughout the day, a simple blood test cant determine a GH deficiency. Because of this, your childs provider may order the following tests to help diagnose GHD and/or to rule out other conditions that affect growth:

One of the most common tests for diagnosing growth hormone deficiency in adults is the insulin tolerance test. Insulin is a natural hormone your pancreas makes.

During this test, your provider will give you an injection of synthetic insulin to lower your blood sugar level. They will then take blood samples and send them to a lab for testing in order to measure the amount of growth hormone in your blood.

When your body experiences low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), it normally releases growth hormone. If your blood tests reveal lower-than-normal levels of growth hormone than whats expected for an insulin tolerance test, it confirms growth hormone deficiency.

Other tests may include:

Treatment for growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in both children and adults involves synthetic growth hormone (recombinant human growth hormone) injections (shots) given at home. People with GHD most often need a daily shot.

Synthetic growth hormone treatment is long-term, often lasting for several years. Its essential to see your healthcare provider regularly to make sure the treatment is working and to see if you need to adjust your dose of medication.

If you or your child have deficiencies in other pituitary hormones, you or they will also need treatment to correct those deficiencies.

Mild to moderate side effects of growth hormone injections for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) are uncommon. They include:

Rare but serious side effects of GHD treatment include:

If youre experiencing any of these symptoms, its important to talk to your healthcare provider. They may need to adjust your medication dose.

Unfortunately, most cases of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) arent preventable. Certain risk factors can increase you or your childs likelihood of developing acquired GHD, including:

If any of these risk factors apply to you or your child, its important to talk to your healthcare provider about the signs and symptoms of GHD to look out for.

For children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD), the earlier the condition is treated, the better the chance that a child will grow to near-normal adult height. Many children gain four or more inches during the first year of treatment and three or more inches during the next two years of treatment. The rate of growth then slowly decreases.

People with adult-onset GHD generally have a good prognosis and can lead a healthy life if GHD is treated properly.

Left untreated, growth hormone deficiency in children may lead to short stature (height) and delayed puberty.

Despite proper treatment, people with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency have an increased risk of heart disease and stroke. Healthy living, such as eating a balanced diet and participating in routine exercise, can help reduce this risk.

People with adult-onset GHD also have a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. Because of this, they have a higher risk of developing bone fractures from minor injuries or falls. To decrease these risks, its important to have a diet thats rich in calcium and to take vitamin D supplements, as recommended by your healthcare provider.

There are many reasons for slow growth and below-average height in children. At times, slow growth is normal and temporary, such as right before puberty starts. If youre concerned about your childs rate of growth, see a pediatric endocrinologist (childrens hormone specialist) or healthcare provider. They can help find out if your childs rate of growth is cause for concern.

If youre an adult and are experiencing symptoms of growth hormone deficiency (GHD), talk to your healthcare provider.

If you or your child have been diagnosed with GHD, youll need to see your healthcare provider regularly to make sure your treatment is working properly.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

If youre noticing a lack of growth in your child, its important to talk to their healthcare provider as soon as possible. While it may be unlikely that growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is the cause, any concerning changes are worth evaluating. People with GHD who are diagnosed early have the best outlook and usually lead healthy lives. If you have any questions about what to expect with your childs growth, dont be afraid to reach out to their provider. Theyre there to help.

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Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD): Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic

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Symptoms of acromegaly include an enlarged face and hands. Changes to the face may cause the brow bone and lower jawbone to protrude, and the nose and lips to get larger.

Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood.

When you have too much growth hormone, your bones increase in size. In childhood, this leads to increased height and is called gigantism. But in adulthood, a change in height doesn't occur. Instead, the increase in bone size is limited to the bones of your hands, feet and face, and is called acromegaly.

Because acromegaly is uncommon and the physical changes occur slowly over many years, the condition sometimes takes a long time to recognize. Untreated, high levels of growth hormone can affect other parts of the body, in addition to your bones. This can lead to serious sometimes even life-threatening health problems. But treatment can reduce your risk of complications and significantly improve your symptoms, including the enlargement of your features.

A common sign of acromegaly is enlarged hands and feet. For example, you may notice that you aren't able to put on rings that used to fit, and that your shoe size has progressively increased.

Acromegaly may also cause gradual changes in your face's shape, such as a protruding lower jaw and brow bone, an enlarged nose, thickened lips, and wider spacing between your teeth.

Because acromegaly tends to progress slowly, early signs may not be obvious for years. Sometimes, people notice the physical changes only by comparing old photos with newer ones.

Overall, acromegaly signs and symptoms tend to vary from one person to another, and may include any of the following:

If you have signs and symptoms associated with acromegaly, contact your doctor for an exam.

Acromegaly usually develops slowly. Even your family members may not notice the gradual physical changes that occur with this disorder at first. But early diagnosis is important so that you can start getting proper care. Acromegaly can lead to serious health problems if it's not treated.

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The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are located within the brain and control hormone production.

Acromegaly occurs when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone (GH) over a long period of time.

The pituitary gland is a small gland at the base of your brain, behind the bridge of your nose. It produces GH and a number of other hormones. GH plays an important role in managing your physical growth.

When the pituitary gland releases GH into your bloodstream, it triggers your liver to produce a hormone called insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) sometimes also called insulin-like growth factor-I, or IGF-I. IGF-1 is what causes your bones and other tissues to grow. Too much GH leads to too much IGF-1, which can cause acromegaly signs, symptoms and complications.

In adults, a tumor is the most common cause of too much GH production:

If left untreated, acromegaly can lead to major health problems. Complications may include:

Early treatment of acromegaly can prevent these complications from developing or becoming worse. Untreated, acromegaly and its complications can lead to premature death.

Dec. 01, 2022

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Acromegaly - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic

Alternative names for growth hormone-releasing hormone

Growth hormone-releasing factor; GRF; GHRF; GHRH

Growth hormone-releasing hormone is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus.The main role of growth hormone-releasing hormone is to stimulate the pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormone into the bloodstream. This then acts on virtually every tissue of the body to control metabolism and growth. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin-like growth factor 1in the liver and other organs, and this acts on tissues in the body to control metabolism and growth. In addition to its effect on growth hormone secretion, growth hormone-releasing hormone also affects sleep, food intake and memory.

The action of growth hormone-releasing hormone on the pituitary gland is counteracted by somatostatin, a hormone also produced by the hypothalamus, which prevents growth hormone release.

In order to maintain a normal balanced hormone production, growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels are regulated by each other.The consequence of growth hormone-releasing hormone action is an increase in the circulating levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 which, in turn, act back on the hypothalamus to prevent growth hormone-releasing hormone production and to stimulate somatostatin secretion.Somatostatin then prevents the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland and growth hormone-releasing hormone production by the hypothalamus, therefore acting as a powerful suppressor of growth hormone secretion.

Many other factors and physiological conditions such as sleep, stress, exercise and food intake also affect the hypothalamic release of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin.

Too much growth hormone-releasing hormone production may be caused by hypothalamic tumours or by tumours located in other parts of the body (ectopic tumours). The consequence of too much growth hormone-releasing hormone is a rise in growth hormone levels in the bloodstream and, in many cases, enlargement of the pituitary gland.

In adults, excessive growth hormone for a long period of time produces a condition known as acromegaly in which patients have swelling of the hands and feet and altered facial features. These patients also have organ enlargement and serious functional disorders such as high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease.An increase in growth hormone before children reach their final height can lead to excessive growth of long bones, resulting in the child being abnormally tall.This is commonly known as gigantism.

However, in most cases, growth hormone overproduction is caused by pituitary tumours that produce growth hormone; only in very rare occasions is excess growth hormone caused by overproduction of growth hormone-releasing hormone.

If the hypothalamus produces too little growth hormone-releasing hormone, the production and release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland is impaired, leading to a lack of growth hormone (adult-onset growth hormone deficiency).When a deficiency of growth hormone is suspected, a growth hormone stimulating test is performed using growth hormone-releasing hormone or other substances, in order to determine the ability of the pituitary gland to release growth hormone.

Childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency is associated with growth failure and delayed physical maturity. In adults, the most important consequences of reduced growth hormone levels are changes in body structure (decreased muscle and bone mass and increased body fat), tiredness, being less lively and a poor health-related quality of life.

Last reviewed: Feb 2018

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Growth hormone-releasing hormone | You and Your Hormones from the ...

How we diagnose growth hormone deficiency

The first step in treating your child is forming an accurate and complete diagnosis. Before a growth hormone deficiency diagnosis can be made, your child's physician may have to rule out other disorders first, including genetic short stature (inherited family shortness), inadequate caloric intake, thyroid hormone deficiency, and other illnesses, including gastrointestinal problems.

In addition to learning your child's complete medical history, gathering information about the heights and any health problems of your relatives, and conducting a physical examination, your child's doctor may:

Since growth hormone is produced in bursts, it is unlikely that any single blood sample will provide a definitive diagnosis.

If growth hormone deficiency is suspected, your physician may use a stimulant of growth hormone secretion (which may include vigorous exercise and/or several chemicals and medications), and measure the growth hormone release over time.

If growth hormone deficiency is diagnosed, your physician may order an MRI of the brain to look at the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

After we complete all necessary tests, our experts meet to review and discuss what they have learned about your child's condition. Then we will meet with you and your family to discuss the results and outline the best treatment options.

Researchers are currently working on more efficient and accurate ways of diagnosing growth hormone deficiency.

Our physicians are focused on child-centered care, and we're known for our science-driven approach. Our experienced doctors know that growth hormone deficiencies are complex problems that can take different forms from patient to patient. Such an individualized illness may demand several thorough diagnostic tests and treatment specifically tailored to your child.

Typically, treatment of growth hormone deficiency involves receiving regular injections of synthetic human growth hormone, and children receive daily injections. Treatment usually lasts several years, although results are often seen as soon as three to four months after the injections are started.

The earlier treatment for growth hormone deficiency is started, the better chance the child will have of attaining her normal or near-normal adult height. However, not all children respond well to growth hormone treatment.

Children who have mutations that make their cells unresponsive to the growth hormone may be treated with injections of synthetic human IGF-1 instead.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that therapy with growth hormone is medically and ethically acceptable for children:

While there are many potential side effects, particularly if growth hormone is used to treat children who don't have a true hormone deficiency, researchers generally agree that treatment with human growth hormone is safe and effective. In 1985, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a biosynthetic growth hormone, thus:

Please consult your child's physician for more information.

Growth hormone deficiency may make your child feel insecure or self-conscious, and if appropriate, we can also put you in touch with mental health professionals to help with any negative feelings your child may be experiencing.

We understand that you may have a lot of questions when your child is diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency. How will it affect my child long-term? What do we do next? We've tried to provide some answers to those questions on this site, but there are also a number of other resources to guide you and your family through diagnosis and treatment.

Patient education: From the first office visit, our nurses will be on hand to walk you through your child's treatment and help answer any questions you may have What is treatment like? Are there any side effects? They will also reach out to you by phone, continuing the care and support you received while at Children's.

Parent to parent: Want to talk with someone whose child has been treated for growth hormone deficiency? We can often put you in touch with other families who can share their experience.

Social work: Our social workers and mental health clinicians have helped many other families in your situation. Your social worker can offer counseling and assistance with issues such as stresses relating to small stature, coping with your child's growth hormone deficiency diagnosis, and dealing with financial difficulties.

On our patient resources pages, you can read all you need to know about:

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Growth Hormone Deficiency | Boston Children's Hospital