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Scientists at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York say that stress-induced circadian clock disruptions may influence weight gain.

A study published in June showed that mice with artificially increased stress levels and interrupted hormone releases experienced an increase in fat cell growth. Its results appear in Cell Reports.

The second study, published in August, found that fat cell precursors commit to becoming fat cells only within a few hours at night. This work appears in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences (PNAS).

Mary Teruel, PhD, associate professor of biochemistry at Weill Cornell Medicine, was the senior author of both studies.

A lot of forces are working against a healthy metabolism when we are out of circadian rhythm, Dr. Teruel said in a press release. The more we understand, the more likely we will be able to do something about it.

In the Cell Reports study, Dr. Teruel and her team implanted pellets with glucocorticoids, a type of stress-related hormone, in mice. This was to mimic the effects of chronic stress or Cushings disease.

Cushings disease triggers elevated levels of cortisol, the bodys stress hormone.

The pellets released glucocorticoids under the skin of the mice at a steady rate over three weeks. The researchers also observed control mice with typical daily stress hormone fluctuations.

Although all the mice ate the same healthy diet, the mice with pellets ended up weighing over 9% more than the control mice.

The researchers observed whether the weight gain was from fat expansion and found that the brown and white fat of the pellet mice had more than doubled. Their insulin levels spiked as well.

To the teams surprise, the metabolic disturbances kept blood glucose levels low. Further, the disruptions prevented fat from accumulating in the blood or liver.

When the researchers removed the pellets, these changes reversed immediately.

Dr. Teruel explained to MNT: We saw this in our paper, basically, once we stopped flattening the corticoids, [the mice] started reversing [the fat mass gain] and the hyperinsulinemia went away so that increased insulin that seems to be causing the fat mass gains that went away when the restored rhythm.

She added that this study indicates that chronic stress can make weight gain more likely, even with a healthy, low fat diet.

If you stress the animals at the wrong time, it has a dramatic effect. The mice arent eating differently, but a big shift in metabolism causes weight gain, Dr. Teruel said in the release.

Dr. Teruels research team hopes that their findings lead to developing drugs that could help reset circadian rhythms to help people with obesity.

We dont know enough [yet], but one would think cortisol receptor antagonists or [] things that restore the cortisol rhythms would probably help a lot.

Dr. Mary Teruel

Experts understand that flaws in circadian clock genes can alter cell differentiation in fat, immune, skin, and muscle cells.

The PNAS study revealed that even though differentiation happens over a few days, differentiation commitment happens within only a few hours. The findings also show that daily bursts of cell differentiation seem to be limited to evening phases when people are normally resting.

The decision to become a fat cell happens rapidly over 4 hours. It is like a switch, Dr. Teruel said.

Medical News Today discussed this with Dr. Mir Ali, bariatric surgeon and medical director of MemorialCare Surgical Weight Loss Center at Orange Coast Medical Center in Fountain Valley, California.

Dr. Ali explained how fat cells come to be: Fat cells form from [an] adipocyte progenitor cell or a type of cell that has not differentiated into its final form. The form it takes [to become] a fat cell depends on the hormonal and chemical stimulation it receives.

In the study, Dr. Teruel and her partners used fluorescent markers to observe daily fluctuations of fat cell production.

The researchers attached a red fluorescent protein to a protein that regulates circadian clock genes. They also attached a yellow fluorescent protein to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a protein that controls fat cell production.

They discovered that during the rest period of the day, a certain circadian protein CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha induces a rapid increase in the protein that regulates fat cell production.

The researchers also found that when PPARG levels hit a certain threshold, individual fat precursor cells irreversibly commit to differentiate within only a few hours, which is much faster than the rest phase and the overall multiday differentiation process.

Dr. Teruel and her team believe that working with this time window may open therapeutic strategies to use timed treatment relative to the [circadian] clock to promote tissue regeneration.

Dr. Ali said: These studies are interesting in that they show the timing and length of stimulation affect the formation and growth of fat cells. The implications of this are that if we can find a way to safely influence the cell to grow or not grow, it may affect obesity in humans.

However, he believed that more extensive research is needed to make the studies findings applicable to humans.

Dr. Teruel told MNT that she and her co-authors were just trying to work on basic mechanisms [] Right now, we need to show this is really a mechanism that happens []

The researchers do plan to replicate the studies with people. We are looking at protein ribbons and humans using saliva samples, Dr. Teruel shared with MNT. Were planning to do those kinds of experiments.

Their main objective, she said, is to figure out ways to restore circadian [rhythms].

Dr. Teruel mentioned that currently known strategies, such as meditation and regular sleep in the dark may help.

She expressed hope that there could be some pharmacological ways [to] fix this in the future as well.

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Stress can throw off circadian rhythms and lead to weight gain - Medical News Today

According to various etymological studies, the origin of the terms gut feeling or follow your heart is accredited to the vagus nerve. The neurons lining your gut or intestine communicate with the brain via the vagus nerve, which also passes through your chest (hence the latter phrase about the heart). Being the longest nerve in the body, the vagus connects your brain to your large intestine.

When youre stressed, your heart rate shoots up. Hormones like cortisol and adrenaline then start coursing through your body, which negatively affects your physical and mental wellbeing. If you let this happen frequently, it can cause chronic illnesses like anxiety, diabetes, mood swings, gut inflammation, and many others. In other cases, the nerve may also start dysfunctioning as you age.

The good news is that there are many ways to relieve stress by stimulating your vagal nerve regularly.

The vagal nerve is a part of the parasympathetic or your rest and digest nervous system. Hence, it plays a pivotal role in ensuring good mental health. A higher vagal tone helps in stress and anxiety management, keeping you from reacting dangerously in problematic situations.

When you maintain good vagal nerve health, your mood stays uplifted more often, mental health is regulated, which in turn enables you to maintain healthy interpersonal relationships with your peers and family members.

It also helps you sleep well and recharge. Matthew Walker, Founder-Director of the Centre for Human Sleep Science, has extensively covered all the benefits of sound sleep on humans beings in his book titled Why We Sleep.

To help you maintain good vagal tone and gain control over stress, weve put together some really effective and easy methods below.

When you slow down your breathing and take long and intentional breaths, your heart rate also slows down and blood pressure lowers. This relaxes your muscles, which then enables the vagus nerve to send signals to your brain indicating you are safe.

Normally, our breathing cycle involves ten to fourteen breaths every minute. Cut this down to six breaths a minute and watch yourself lose the stress to significant levels. You can even try holding your breath for up to four slow counts every time you inhale or exhale. Regular practice of this equips you with a safe and quick technique to calm down when you feel stressed out.

Research indicates that singing, humming or chanting Om and even gargling can help activate the vagus nerve since it is connected to the vocal chords and also the muscles behind your throat. This increases your heart rate and hold on, yes, increased heart rate in this situation is good because these rhythmic activities again help in increasing your vagal tone.

Certain probiotics contribute in maintaining a good gut, which means enhances gut to brain interaction. They help in ensuring theres ample amounts of good bacteria in your gut which in turn improves brain function. However, you must consult your physician before deciding on which probiotics you should start taking.

This is the most-advised routine by any medical practitioner to those wanting to improve their mental wellbeing. Not only does exercise increase your brains growth hormone or GH, its also known to stimulate the vagus nerve.

Weight lifting twice or four times a week, sprinting twice a week, brisk walking for thirty to sixty minutes every day are all known to stimulate your vagus nerve. You could also choose a sport and play it regularly to promote vagal tone. However, do not over-train or over-exhaust your body with excessive exercise. Always keep it moderate and listen to your body when it tells you to stop.

A combination of simple yogasanas and meditation, sky yoga or Sudarshan Kriya is a breathing technique that stimulated the vagus nerve andeliminates toxins from the body. The rhythmic breathing during SKY yoga has been scientifically proven to aid in curing symptoms related to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, panic attacks, stress, and depression.

A quick technique to feel calm and relaxed after a stressful event, meditation also stimulates the vagus nerve. There are several apps available in the app markets to help you get into a state of meditation without much effort. No matter where you are, meditation is a strong tool to help stimulate vagal activity and release stressful emotions.

Exposure to cold is proven to activate cholinergic neurons that pass through the vagus pathways. A cold shower when you feel stressed or even immersing your face in cold water can instantly reduce your fight or flight response. You could also try switching to cold water during the last minute or 30 seconds of your hot water shower.

According to research, good massages taken regularly help increase your vagal tone. Foot reflexology, facial massages, gentle stressing on specific points during a back massage, all contribute towards elevated vagal activity. Be sure to include massages in your self-care routine!

Thats right! Laughing more often on a regular basis ensure good vagus nerve health. Surround yourself with peers who you can have a good laugh with and avoid those who weigh you down with their negative energies. Make a playlist of fun podcasts or feel-good shows that will make you laugh and listen to them or watch them in your free time. Its the best way to relieve stress instantly.

The vagus nerve is a dual-branched cranial nerve responsible for the most vital functions of the body like digestion, immune response, regulation of the heart rate, breathing, taste and so on. But most importantly, the vagus nerve helps regulate your stress response. Although its an issue that starts mentally, stress can be detrimental to your physical well-being since it reduces the bodys healing capacity and makes it difficult to decrease pain. These methods to promote vagal tone will help you stay focussed and ensure your holistic wellbeing in the long run.

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10 ways to manage stress via The Vagus Nerve - YourStory

To age well, we have to keep our bodies fit and healthy. Photo / 123rf

OPINION

Modern medicine is a true marvel. It cures diseases, saves lives, and grants most of us the promise of a longer life than our ancestors could ever have imagined.

How well we age and what these "extended years" are filled with is another matter altogether. Medicine may grant extended years, but it's our lifestyles and attitudes that infuse our lives with vitality and joy or dampen it with sedentary loneliness.

Although we cannot freeze time, there are many things we can do to put a stop to ageing and ensure that we pass through the years gracefully, while looking and feeling our best.

Ongoing, scientific research confirms that our health and longevity are not dictated and locked by our genes. We are not born with a "health destiny". Lifestyles can and do change how our body ages. This is where responsibility regarding our personal health kicks in.

According to WHO, the World Health Organization, health is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, it is "a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing"; a state of overall wellness.

The National Wellness Institute states that, "Wellness is an active process through which people become aware of and make conscious choices toward a more successful existence."

It is a "quality of life" cornerstone, ultimately determining how we feel, look and interact with those around us, and evidence supports and suggests that practising a wellness lifestyle is the real key to healthy longevity.

Wellness is never about surviving, but about thriving due to deliberate effort. As an approach to healthcare, it emphasises illness prevention and life extension rather than treating disease after the fact. Wellness implies self-awareness of both the causes and consequences of our actions, requiring us to take responsibility for our personal health and happiness.

Healthy habits are empowered to shut down bad genes that lead to poor health while turning on protective good ones, the powerful self-healing ones that promote longevity and stellar health.

That means consistently practising lifestyle habits that contribute to and help us achieve better physical, mental and emotional health, habits that include proper exercise, nutrition, mindfulness (self-awareness) and social connectedness.

The wealth of benefits that exercise offers in terms of making us feel our best while combating the ageing process cannot be overstated. The right exercises actively kick in HGH (Human Growth Hormone) production, continually reminding the body to renew, repair and replace old worn-out cells and tissues.

This self-healing mechanism spreads throughout every cell in the body, making us a whole lot younger and healthier!

Anti-ageing benefits of exercise -

Improved muscle mass and strength. Maintaining or building more muscle mass tissue lends well to functional strength. As an ageing adult, few things will impact our quality of life as much as seeing and feeling our functional strength go down. Let's not forget the fact that maintaining our lean muscle mass will boost our self-esteem and self-confidence. We feel and look better.

Enhanced bone and joint strength. Weight bearing exercises help prevent bone related issues from creeping up later. Osteoporosis is a serious condition that sadly, impacts far too many older adults. By starting early, we can make sure that that our adult years will be blessed with a strong, healthy skeleton.

Improved immunity. Decreased risk of health issues - heart disease, stroke, diabetes and high blood pressure

Lowered levels of stress/emotional stability exercise not only kicks up HGH production, but we feel a boost of "feel good, happy-endorphins" when we exercise.

Mental acuity/sharp memory. Exercise stimulates key brain chemicals for concentration, memory and mental sharpness.

Healthy glowing skin. Forget about the expensive makeup, lotions and potions. Sweating releases toxins and puts a "real" glow on our cheeks.

Since consistency is the most important part of exercise, it's important to pick exercises that we enjoy so we stick with them. For maximum results, focus should be strength training as this is the form of exercise with the highest payoff and benefits.

When it comes to nutrition, there are certain issues that sabotage our anti-ageing efforts and accelerate the ageing process. Knowing what they are allows us to avoid them and their health damaging consequences.

Nutritional issues (that promote the ageing process)

Lack of antioxidants. Processed foods need to be kept to a bare minimum. When it comes to boosting antioxidants, the focus needs to be fresh produce fresh vegetables and fruits.

Over consumption of sugar. Sugar contributes nothing but calories and opens the door to diabetes.

High intake of trans-fats. Man-made fats designed to increase the shelf-life of the food products we consume. There is no real purpose for them health wise. They set us up for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.

Insufficient quality protein intake. Protein provides the raw materials needed to generate new cells, to generate the hormones necessary for keeping all systems in the body working properly, and for generating lean muscle mass.

Deficient omega 3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids provide key nutrients that the brain needs to function optimally. They are vital ingredients that work to keep inflammation levels down. Those who consume adequate omega-3 fatty acids on a regular basis are less likely to develop conditions like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression, as well as bipolar disorder.

Everything we do on a day-to-day basis all the choices that we make in how we approach our day impacts our body and the process of ageing. Our choices either accelerate ageing or combat it. If we punish our body with excessive alcohol, smoking or stress, we cannot expect life to reward us with healthy longevity. These are obvious, dangerous lifestyle habits that must be eliminated because they can and do kill.

In the end, our day-to-day actions and decisions not only affect how we currently feel, but influence who we will become, so we must plan accordingly.

Enjoying independence, productivity and self-care in later years is not a given. It is the reward received; the karmic joy earned for expressing self-love and living a life of "wellness" now.

Read more:

Carolyn Hansen: Balance and wellness for a longer, healthier life - Northern Advocate

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Global Metabolic Partnering 2015-2022: Deal trends, players and financials" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

Global Metabolic Partnering 2015 to 2022 provides the full collection of 1100+ Metabolic disease deals signed between the world's pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies since 2015.

Most of the deals included within the report occur when a licensee obtains a right or an option right to license a licensor's product or technology. More often these days these deals tend to be multi-component including both a collaborative R&D and a commercialization of outcomes element.

The report takes readers through the comprehensive Metabolic disease deal trends, key players and top deal values allowing the understanding of how, why and under what terms companies are currently entering Metabolic deals.

The report presents financial deal terms values for Metabolic deals, where available listing by overall headline values, upfront payments, milestones and royalties enabling readers to analyse and benchmark the value of current deals.

The initial chapters of this report provide an orientation of Metabolic dealmaking trends.

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the report.

Chapter 2 provides an overview of the trends in Metabolic dealmaking since 2015 covering trends by year, deal type, stage of development, technology type and therapeutic indication.

Chapter 3 includes an analysis of financial deal terms covering headline value, upfront payment, milestone payments and royalty rates.

Chapter 4 provides a review of the leading Metabolic deals since 2015. Deals are listed by headline value. The chapter includes the top 25 most active Metabolic dealmakers, together with a full listing of deals to which they are a party. Where the deal has an agreement contract published at the SEC a link provides online access to the contract.

Chapter 5 provides comprehensive access to Metabolic deals since 2015 where a deal contract is available, providing the user with direct access to contracts as filed with the SEC regulatory authorities. Each deal title links via Weblink to an online version of the deal record contract document, providing easy access to each contract document on demand.

Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive directory of all Metabolic partnering deals by specific Metabolic target announced since 2015. The chapter is organized by specific Metabolic therapeutic target. Each deal title links via Weblink to an online version of the deal record and where available, the contract document, providing easy access to each contract document on demand.

In addition, a comprehensive appendix is provided with each report of all Metabolic partnering deals signed and announced since 2015. The appendices are organized by company A-Z, stage of development at signing, deal type (collaborative R&D, co-promotion, licensing etc) and technology type. Each deal title links via Weblink to an online version of the deal record and where available, the contract document, providing easy access to each contract document on demand.

The report includes deals for the following indications: Acromegaly, Addison's disease, Cirrhosis, Cushing's syndrome, Diabetes, Type 1, Type 2, Insipidus, Fatty liver, Gallstones, Goitre, Growth hormone disorders, Gynaecomastia, Inborn errors of metabolism, Phenylketonuria, Hyperaldosteronism, Hypercalcaemia, Hyperthyroidism, Hypocalcaemia, Hypogonadism, Hypopituitarism, Hypothyroidism, Liver disease, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), Lysosomal storage disorders, Nutrition and vitamins, Rickets, Pheochromocytoma, Primary bilary cirrhosis, Prolactinemia, Short stature, Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), Thyroid disease, plus other metabolic indications.

Report scope

Global Metabolic Partnering 2015 to 2022 includes:

In Global Metabolic Partnering 2015 to 2022, available deals and contracts are listed by:

Analyzing actual contract agreements allows assessment of the following:

Key Topics Covered:

Executive Summary

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Chapter 2 - Trends in Metabolic dealmaking

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Metabolic partnering over the years

2.3. Metabolic partnering by deal type

2.4. Metabolic partnering by industry sector

2.5. Metabolic partnering by stage of development

2.6. Metabolic partnering by technology type

2.7. Metabolic partnering by therapeutic indication

Chapter 3 - Financial deal terms for Metabolic partnering

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Disclosed financials terms for Metabolic partnering

3.3. Metabolic partnering headline values

3.4. Metabolic deal upfront payments

3.5. Metabolic deal milestone payments

3.6. Metabolic royalty rates

Chapter 4 - Leading Metabolic deals and dealmakers

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Most active in Metabolic partnering

4.3. List of most active dealmakers in Metabolic

4.4. Top Metabolic deals by value

Chapter 5 - Metabolic contract document directory

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Metabolic partnering deals where contract document available

Chapter 6 - Metabolic dealmaking by therapeutic target

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Deals by Metabolic therapeutic target

Appendices

Appendix 1 - Directory of Metabolic deals by company A-Z since 2015

Appendix 2 - Directory of Metabolic deals by deal type since 2015

Appendix 3 - Directory of Metabolic deals by stage of development since 2015

Appendix 4 - Directory of Metabolic deals by technology type since 2015

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/7b8gbu

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Global Metabolic Partnering Report 2022: Deal Trends, Players and Financials Analysis of 1100+ Deals Signed Since 2015 - ResearchAndMarkets.com -...

SEOUL, South Korea--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Genexine (KOSDAQ: 095700), a publicly traded, clinical-staged Korean biopharmaceutical company committed to the discovery and development of novel biologics for the treatment of unmet medical needs, today announced the dosing of the first patient in phase 2 clinical trial using triple combination therapy in patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC. The combination therapy consists of two of Genexines proprietary drugs, GX-188E (a first-in-class therapeutic DNA vaccine), GX-I7 (a first-in-class long-acting interleukin 7), and OpdivoR (nivolumab), a marketed PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor.

The phase 2 clinical trial is being conducted in South Korea under the leadership of Professor Hye-Ryun Kim of the Department of Oncology at Yonsei Severance Hospital Cancer Center. The trial will evaluate the safety and efficacy in 21 patients with HPV-16 or 18-positive recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC). Endpoints assessed during the study include those related to safety and efficacy, including the overall rate of response.

I am very pleased to be leading this study with such a unique approach of combining a DNA vaccine, a long-acting Il-7 T-cell amplifier and a proven checkpoint inhibitor, said Professor Hye-Ryun Kim. Based on the potential synergy of the mechanisms of action of the three therapies, we could expect that the overall response rate in this patient population will be further enhanced versus the standard of care. The unmet medical need in HNSCC patients is substantial, so this landmark study will be an important milestone for these patients.

This study is very important for Genexine as it represents a unique approach to treating a very complicated and difficult cancer, said Neil Warma, President and CEO of Genexine. We are running separate trials with GX-188E in cervical cancer and GX-I7 in triple-negative breast cancer and glioblastoma, but the idea to combine both with a checkpoint inhibitor in HNSCC could challenge the standard of care and truly provide an important alternative for these patients and possibly to numerous other HPV related cancers.

Recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is considered an incurable disease with a very poor prognosis and limited treatment options. It requires active treatments from the early stages. Since tumor cells develop in the oropharyngeal region, it significantly impacts patients lives, causing functional disability and a high mortality rate.

According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), around 70% of oropharyngeal cancer which takes a major portion of head and neck cancers in the United States are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In addition, the unmet medical needs for HPV-positive head and neck cancer are very high due to the increasing incidence rate around the world.

Genexines proprietary immuno-oncology drug GX-I7 is being developed globally as a first-in-class drug. It amplifies absolute lymphocyte counts, therefore, increasing the number of T cells and has a mechanism to penetrate them into the tumor microenvironment. Another innovative drug being used in the triple combination is GX-188E. It is an anticancer DNA vaccine and has a mechanism of preferentially targeting HPV antigens to dendritic cells. Therefore, it is expected that the triple combination of the two novel pipelines with PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor OpdivoR will be an effective treatment strategy for HPV-positive head and neck cancer patients.

About Genexine

Genexine, Inc. is a publicly traded, clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of immunotherapeutics and next-generation long-acting biologics. Primary technology platforms are Therapeutic DNA vaccine technology and hyFcR fusion technology. The company has multiple products in clinical development, including several undergoing Phase 3 registration trials. The company's proprietary pipeline includes GX-188E for cervical cancer and head and neck cancer, GX-I7 (efineptakin alfa) for multiple cancers, GX-H9 (eftansomatropin alfa) for Growth Hormone Deficiency and GX-E4 for CKD-induced anemia, among others. Genexine has established multiple partnerships with global companies in order to expedite product development and commercialization and create significant value. Genexine is listed on the Korean stock exchange (KOSDAQ: 095700) and is headquartered in Seoul, Korea. Genexine is committed to the well-being and care of patients worldwide.

Forward Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements regarding the business of Genexine, Inc. ("Genexine"). Any statement describing Genexine's goals, expectations, financial or other projections, intentions or beliefs, development plans and the commercial potential of Genexine's drug development pipeline, including without limitation GX-I7 (efineptakin alfa), GX-188E, GX-H9 (eftansomatropin alfa), GX- E4 is a forward-looking statement and should be considered an at-risk statement. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, particularly those challenges inherent in the process of discovering, developing and commercialization of new drug products that are safe and effective for use as human therapeutics and in the endeavor of building a business around such drugs.

Genexine's forward-looking statements also involve assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove correct, could cause its results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Although Genexine's forward-looking statements reflect the good faith judgment of its management, these statements are based only on facts and factors currently known by Genexine. As a result, you are cautioned not to rely on these forward-looking statements. These and other risks concerning Genexine's programs are described in additional detail in Genexine's annual reports on DART (Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System) internet site (https://dart.fss.or.kr/ ) of the Korean Financial Services Commission. Genexine assumes no obligation to update the forward-looking statements or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements, except as required by law.

Link:

Genexine Announces Dosing of First Patient in Phase 2 clinical trial with Triple Combination Therapy in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell...

Among the many moving targets to keep an eye on this season is off-target dicamba injury in soybeans. And its already evident in Midwestern states.

According to Prashant Jha, professor and Extension weed specialist at Iowa State University (ISU), ISU Extension field agronomists, commercial agronomists, and others across Iowa have observed non-dicamba tolerant soybean showing injury symptoms in line with dicamba.

As long as we have dicamba, it's not a question of if we ever will see off-target injury in a year, the only unknown is how extensive it will be, says Aaron Hager, associate professor and faculty Extension specialist at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

In Illinois, dicamba-related complaints peaked in 2019 at over 700. This summer, there are reports of widespread damage to soybeans in southern Illinois and complaints of pesticide misuse that specifically mention damage to trees. The signs are cupping in soybean leaves and bare trees in July and August.

Hager says that with a significant switch away from dicamba technology to Enlist technology this spring, many were hopeful for less off-target response.

Aaron Hager

The amount of dicamba sprayed in soybeans was less, but on the flip side, a higher percentage of acres are now sensitive to off-target movements, he says. When there is widespread use of a volatile product like dicamba at times of the growing season where temperatures are much higher than normal, we continue to see the effects across the landscape.

Gil Gullickson

Dicamba injury in soybeans.

Unfortunately, managing off-target movement is beyond a farmers control.

But the question if there is anything you can do to recover from damage has been asked before.

Brian Dintlemann, M.S. student, and Kevin Bradley, professor of plant science and technology at the University of Missouri, conducted a research trial over three seasons to determine if there may be any treatment for dicamba-injured soybeans.

The recovery treatments they tested included common foliar fertilizer products (PercPlus, Megafol, YieldOn, etc), a fungicide (Priaxor), urea with Agrotain, a plant growth hormone (Radiate), and weekly irrigation.

In their research, published in 2021, weekly irrigation was the only recovery treatment that resulted in yields that were higher than the dicamba-injured control. However, none of the recovery treatments resulted in yields that were as high as the non-treated control.

Results from all three years of the study indicate that if your soybeans have become injured with dicamba, the best thing to do is to irrigate. This will help them recover some, but not all.

In alignment with this research, Prashant Jha at ISU says that in areas of the state that have received rain, affected soybean plants with low levels of dicamba exposure are likely to outgrow the injury.

Prashant Jha

However, injury from dicamba drift is an ongoing concern and jeopardizes the use of this product as one of the few postemergence herbicide options left for controlling waterhemp in dicamba-tolerant soybean. Enlist One or glufosinate are also effective on waterhemp when applied over-the-top in Enlist E3 soybean, Jha notes.

University of Missouri Extension horticulturist Michele Warmund says there are few short-term solutions to prevent herbicide drift, but a long-term option is to plant protective structures, like a living windbreak.

Sorghum-Sudan grass is an annual plant that grows 5-12 feet tall. Multiple rows can provide an inexpensive annual barrier to protect low-growing crops against herbicide drift, according to Warmund.

Another option is a windbreak with multiple rows of perennial trees and shrubs. In a three-row windbreak, for example, one row of evergreen trees, a second row of shrubs, and a third staggered row of shrubs in a planting about 40-50 feet wide, will provide greater protection against herbicide drift than one with fewer rows.

However, even a single row of tall plants with dense foliage will help minimize damage, she says. You might consider American plum, silky or red twig dogwood, witch hazel, ninebark, and American filbert.

While there may be continued concern over off-target movement, weed control and resistance is at the top of the list for farmers too.

Dicamba is an important tool, especially right now, when growers need access to safe and effective crop protection, says Kyel Richards, Bayer Crop Science.

If you have experienced a suspected herbicide incident, contact your states Department of Agriculture or call the Bayer hotline number at 1-844-RRXTEND to report off-target movement or suspected resistance issues.

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Evidence of off-target movement of dicamba in the Midwest - Successful Farming

Earth, a veteran planet known more for its craftiness than the quickness and explosiveness of its youth, put on a vintage performance earlier this summer, completing its fastest rotation on record. All the haters and doubters who counted Earth out are sobbing right now, absolutely sobbing.

On June 29, Earth spun through a full rotation in 1.59 milliseconds short of the league-average 24 hours, a breathtaking athletic feat witnessed by an estimated 7.97billion viewers. This sets a record for the fastest rotation of Earth since they started tracking the stat in 1955 with the advent of the first practical atomic clock. But as we all know, athletes are only getting stronger and faster; back then Earth was competing with a bunch of plumbers and mailmen.

The world record was verified by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, the governing body for the passage of time itself, and first reported by Timeanddate, the go-to fan blog for time news, time scores, and time trade rumors. As Timeanddate notes, Junes record-setting performance didnt come in a vacuum. Well, it came in the vacuum of space, but you know what I mean; Earth has been enjoying a late-career resurgence. Though Earth has generally been rotating slower since its rookie year (about three milliseconds per day per century; thus the length of a day in the late Cretaceous would have been about 23 hours and 30 minutes), the last few seasons have seen Earth spinning increasingly faster.

The reasons for Earths comeback-player-of-the-year performance arent clear. Some credit a new training regimen; others a new offseason diet. Still others speculate a change in play-calling philosophy from Earths coach, the Sun, more suited to Earths abilities. Earth has also been dogged by whispers of PGH (planetary growth hormone) usage, though its possible those rumors were planted by its closest rivals, Mars and Venus. Its certainly odd, said Professor Matt King of the University of Tasmania. Clearly something has changed.

Scientists, who are basically sabermetrics nerds, have a number of theories, and one of the most popular is glacial isostatic adjustment. In this scenario, climate change is melting ice caps and thereby reducing the weight on Earths poles, allowing the Earth, which is wider than it is tall, to decompress into a shape a little closer to a sphere. Like a figure skater drawing their arms in, this would allow the Earth to spin faster.

Another theory involves the Chandler Wobble, which is the periodic wandering of the center of rotation. Over the last couple of yearsprobably driven by changes in ocean circulationthe wobble has been at a historic minimum; the Earth has been more like a football thrown in a tight spiral than a Peyton Manningesque wounded duck.

Given that changes in both of those things can be linked to mass moving around on the surface of the Earth, its probably not a bad guess that those things are linked in some way, King said. I dont know if we are very much further along the lines of understanding whats going on, but I dare say theresprobably something going on in the climate system or in the oceans.

Whatever the reason or reasons, Earths recent performance has been so impressive that theyre considering changing the rules of the sport. A few more years of sub-24-hour times and we will need the first-ever negative leap secondthe skipping of one second in the International Atomic Time, the official global time, in order to bring it back into alignment with the Earths rotation. Sure, Barry Bonds hit a bunch of dingers and set a bunch of records. But did he force us to literally jump forward in time? Earth is the greatest to ever do it.

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Earth, The True GOAT, Breaks Longstanding Speed Record - Defector

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Credit: Rachel Kratofil

University of Calgary researchershave identified a promising new approach to treating bacterial skin infections.In astudy recently published inNature,first author Dr. Rachel Kratofil, PhD, and co-senior authors Drs. Paul Kubes, PhD, Justin Deniset, PhD, and their research team show new insight which could lead to advancements in treating bacterial infections and wounds.

While translating our research from bench to bedside will require many more experiments and involve a model more closely related to human disease, it is exciting that we have made a fundamental discovery that could improve infections and tissue repair in humans, especially hard-to-treat cases, says Kratofil.

Traditionally, researchers have thought that both neutrophils and monocytes (white blood cells) were recruited to clear bacteria from an infected site on the skin. When these cells work together, they act as the immune systems first line of defense in our bodies.

However, the new research reveals that monocytes alone are capable of facilitating faster healing of wounds. Monocytes help the healing process by regulating leptin levels and blood vessel growth during wound repair. They also produce ghrelin, a hormone that helps wounds heal more efficiently.

Surprising connection between metabolic hormones and tissue repair

Ghrelin is produced by the stomach when you are hungry, and leptin also a hormone is produced by fat cells after you eat a meal and feel full. This balance between ghrelin and leptin has long been understood as critical to metabolism and diet, but until now, has not been known for its connection to immune mechanisms and tissue repair.

Using intravital microscopy, which allows observation of live cells and is a specialization of the Kubes Lab, Kratofil was able to visualize the immune response toStaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus)bacteria in an animal model.

S. aureusis a germ commonly found on skin or in the nose of a healthy body. It can be a catalyst for a wide variety of diseases related to skin and tissue infections such as abscesses or boils. In some cases, the bacteria can lead to severe infections like pneumonia and endocarditis,a life-threatening inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves.

After anS. aureusinfection, the body recruits those helpful immune cells, neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophils clear bacteria, while monocytes help repair tissue. In the absence of monocytes there is increased leptin production, leading to blood vessel growth in the infection. The result can be delayed healing and scarring. In contrast, monocytes produce ghrelin at the infection site, which blocks the formation of excess blood vessel growth driven by leptin, leading to tissue repair.

Importance of the studys results

This research is important because it indicates a paradigm shift challenging the current thinking that neutrophils and monocytes clear bacteria. Our study elevates the role of monocytes in wound repair, explains Kratofil.

Principal investigator Kubes and his research team believe this study opens the door to introduce metabolic hormones (ghrelin and leptin) in the fields of immunology and microbiology.

It will be interesting, for example, to see how ghrelin and leptin respond in other disease models such as sterile injury or cancer, and to learn how these processes are altered when a patient has multiple simultaneous diseases or conditions such as obesity and diabetes, says Kubes.

Next steps

The next step for the researchers is to better understandthe functions of immune cells such as neutrophils during infection. Specifically, they are interested in how neutrophils become cleared from an infection and whether neutrophils take on different functions in addition to clearing bacteria.

This research teams interdisciplinary work is the product of 133 independent experiments that were carried out in collaboration with the labs of Dr. Keith Sharkey, PhD (Snyder Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI)), Dr. Jeff Biernaskie, PhD, (HBI and Alberta Childrens Hospital Research Institute), and researchers from University Hospital Regensburg, Germany, and Texas A&M University.

Funding for this study was provided by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Experimental study

Animals

A monocyteleptinangiogenesis pathway critical for repair post-infection

29-Jun-2022

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Snyder Institute researchers discover new approach to healing skin infections and wounds - EurekAlert